College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2023 Dec 5;317:116717. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116717. Epub 2023 Jun 8.
Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Engl. (also known as Guggulu) is one of the oldest and most prominent herb used in Ayurvedic medicine. Commiphora mukul plants have traditionally been used to treat inflammation, diabetes, rheumatism, arthritis, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. It has long been used in China, India, Greece, and other countries. Commiphora mukul is an over-the-counter dietary supplement in the United States and Western countries. Commiphora mukul has excellent medicinal and commercial value and deserves further investigation.
This paper systematically reviews the historical records, application rules, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, clinical research, and adverse reactions of C. mukul and provides a reference for its comprehensive application in basic research, new drug development, and clinical treatment.
Literature were collected from databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Web of Science, TBRC, and other sources such as ancient books on traditional medicine, classic books on herbal medicine, and modern monographs. In this study, the application history and modern pharmacological research on C. mukul in the medicine of all ethnic groups were comprehensively and systematically reviewed.
According to the vast literature, the varieties, morphological characteristics, distribution, and description of C. mukul used in Unani medicine, Ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Uygur medicine are highly consistent. Commiphora mukul is mainly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, heart disease, obesity, hemorrhoids, urinary system diseases, skin diseases, inflammation, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, tumors, and other diseases. The core medicinal material combination in different ethnic medical preparations was C. mukul-Terminalia chebula Retz. (101 times), C. mukul-Moschus (55 times), C. mukul-Aucklandia lappa (Decne.) Decne. (52 times), and C. mukul-Acorus calamus L (27 times). Phytochemical studies confirmed that 150 components with different structures had been isolated and identified. Z-and E-guggulsterone are the main isomers in C. mukul. C. mukul has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, bone resorption, nervous system protection, myocardial protection, antibacterial, and other pharmacological properties. Clinical studies have only identified the role of C. mukul in treating hemorrhoids and lowering blood lipids.
As an essential traditional medicine, C. mukul is widely used in the national traditional medicine system, and rich in chemical constituents and exhibit pharmacological activities. This study found that current research on C. mukul mainly focuses on its chemical composition and pharmacological properties. However, scientific research on the quality control of medicinal materials, identification of original plants, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology are relatively weak, and research in this area needs to be strengthened.
没药（胡克。前股票）恩格尔。（也被称为古胶）是最古老和最突出的草药之一，用于顺势疗法医学。没药植物传统上用于治疗炎症、糖尿病、风湿病、关节炎、肥胖和高脂血症。它长期以来一直在中国、印度、希腊和其他国家使用。没药是美国和西方国家的非处方膳食补充剂。没药具有极好的药用和商业价值，值得进一步研究。
本文系统综述了没药的历史记载、应用规律、植物化学、药代动力学、药理学、临床研究及不良反应，为其在基础研究、新药开发及临床治疗中的综合应用提供参考。
文献资料来源于 PubMed、CNKI、Web of Science、TBRC 等数据库及传统医学古籍、草药经典著作、现代专著等。本研究对没药在各民族医药中的应用历史和现代药理研究进行了全面、系统的综述。
根据大量文献，在顺势疗法、阿育吠陀、中药、藏药、蒙药、维吾尔药中使用的没药的品种、形态特征、分布和描述高度一致。没药主要用于治疗类风湿性关节炎、心脏病、肥胖症、痔疮、泌尿系统疾病、皮肤病、炎症、糖尿病、高脂血症、肿瘤等疾病。不同民族医药制剂的核心药用材料组合为没药-诃子（101 次）、没药-麝香（55 次）、没药-木香（52 次）和没药-菖蒲（27 次）。植物化学研究证实已分离鉴定出 150 种不同结构的成分。Z-和 E-古胶甾酮是没药中的主要异构体。没药具有抗癌、抗炎、抗氧化、降血脂、骨吸收、神经系统保护、心肌保护、抗菌等药理作用。临床研究仅发现没药在治疗痔疮和降血脂方面的作用。
作为一种重要的传统药物，没药在民族传统医学体系中应用广泛，化学成分丰富，具有药理活性。本研究发现，目前对没药的研究主要集中在其化学成分和药理作用上。然而，对药材质量控制、原植物鉴定、药代动力学和毒理学的科学研究相对薄弱，需要加强这方面的研究。
