The inclusion of engineered ZnO nanoparticles and bulk ZnSO in the growth medium distinctively modulate the root and leaf metabolome in bean plants.

Together with toxicity, beneficial effects on plant growth have been ascribed to nanoparticles (NPs). This study aimed to survey the growth performance and metabolome adjustment of beans grown in a growth medium containing ZnONPs at different concentrations and compared with bulk ZnSO as a positive control. Growth parameters showed a reduction in shoot height starting from the lowest (25 mg L ) concentration of ZnONPs. In comparison, growth was inhibited from 50 mg L ZnSO , suggesting more toxic effects of nano forms of Zn. Untargeted metabolomics allowed us to unravel the biochemical processes involved in both promising and detrimental aspects. Multivariate statistics indicated that the tested Zn species substantially and distinctively altered the metabolic profile of both roots and leaves, with more metabolites altered in the former (435) compared with leaves (381). Despite having Zn forms in the growth medium, also leaf metabolome underwent a significant and extensive modulation. In general, the elicitation of secondary metabolism (N-containing compounds, phenylpropanoids, and phytoalexins) and the down-accumulation of fatty acid biosynthesis compounds were common responses to different Zn forms. However, an opposite trend could be observed for amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and cofactors being down-accumulated in ZnONPs treatment. Osmolytes, especially in ZnSO treatment, contributed to mitigating the effect of Zn toxicity and maintaining plant growth. Overall, the results indicated a complexity of tissue-specific and Zn-dependent response differences, resulting in distinctive metabolic perturbations.