Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France.
Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (CNRS/ Université Paris I Sorbonne), Paris, France.
Ageing Res Rev. 2023 Aug;89:101982. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101982. Epub 2023 Jun 13.
How, when, and why organisms age are fascinating issues that can only be fully addressed by adopting an evolutionary perspective. Consistently, the main evolutionary theories of ageing, namely the Mutation Accumulation theory, the Antagonistic Pleiotropy theory, and the Disposable Soma theory, have formulated stimulating hypotheses that structure current debates on both the proximal and ultimate causes of organismal ageing. However, all these theories leave a common area of biology relatively under-explored. The Mutation Accumulation theory and the Antagonistic Pleiotropy theory were developed under the traditional framework of population genetics, and therefore are logically centred on the ageing of individuals within a population. The Disposable Soma theory, based on principles of optimising physiology, mainly explains ageing within a species. Consequently, current leading evolutionary theories of ageing do not explicitly model the countless interspecific and ecological interactions, such as symbioses and host-microbiomes associations, increasingly recognized to shape organismal evolution across the Web of Life. Moreover, the development of network modelling supporting a deeper understanding on the molecular interactions associated with ageing within and between organisms is also bringing forward new questions regarding how and why molecular pathways associated with ageing evolved. Here, we take an evolutionary perspective to examine the effects of organismal interactions on ageing across different levels of biological organisation, and consider the impact of surrounding and nested systems on organismal ageing. We also apply this perspective to suggest open issues with potential to expand the standard evolutionary theories of ageing.
生物体如何衰老、何时衰老以及为何衰老，这些问题非常有趣，只有采用进化观点才能全面解答。一直以来，衰老的主要进化理论，即突变积累理论、拮抗多效性理论和躯体可抛弃性理论，都提出了一些引人入胜的假说，这些假说为当前关于生物体衰老的近因和终极原因的争论提供了结构框架。然而，所有这些理论都留下了一个共同的生物学领域相对未被充分探索。突变积累理论和拮抗多效性理论是在传统的群体遗传学框架下发展起来的，因此在逻辑上集中于种群内个体的衰老。基于优化生理学原理的躯体可抛弃性理论，主要解释物种内的衰老。因此，目前衰老的主要进化理论并没有明确地模拟无数的种间和生态相互作用，例如共生和宿主微生物组的关联，这些相互作用越来越被认为塑造了整个生命之网中的生物体进化。此外，支持深入了解与生物体内部和之间衰老相关的分子相互作用的网络建模的发展也提出了新的问题，即与衰老相关的分子途径是如何以及为何进化的。在这里，我们从进化的角度来考察生物体相互作用对不同层次生物组织衰老的影响，并考虑周围和嵌套系统对生物体衰老的影响。我们还将应用这一观点来提出一些有潜力扩展衰老的标准进化理论的开放性问题。
