Do you trust me? Driver responses to automated evasive maneuvers.

An increasing number of Conditionally Automated Driving (CAD) systems are being developed by major automotive manufacturers. In a CAD system, the automated system is in control of the vehicle within its operational design domain. Therefore, in CAD the vehicle is capable of tactical control of the vehicle and needs to be able to maneuver evasively by braking or steering to avoid objects. During these evasive maneuvers, the driver may attempt to take back control of the vehicle by intervening. A driver interrupting a CAD vehicle while properly performing an evasive maneuver presents a potential safety risk. To investigate this issue, 36 participants were recruited to participate in a Wizard-of-Oz research study. The participants experienced one of two evasive maneuvers of moderate intensity on a test track. The evasive maneuver required the CAD system to brake or steer to avoid the box placed in the lane of travel of the test vehicle. Drivers glanced toward the obstacle but did not intervene or prepare to intervene in response to the evasive maneuver. Importantly, the drivers who chose to intervene did so safely. These findings suggest that after experiencing a CAD vehicle for a brief period, most participants trusted the system enough to not intervene during a system-initiated evasive maneuver.