Improved the heterodimer protein complex prediction with protein language models.

AlphaFold-Multimer has greatly improved the protein complex structure prediction, but its accuracy also depends on the quality of the multiple sequence alignment (MSA) formed by the interacting homologs (i.e. interologs) of the complex under prediction. Here we propose a novel method, ESMPair, that can identify interologs of a complex using protein language models. We show that ESMPair can generate better interologs than the default MSA generation method in AlphaFold-Multimer. Our method results in better complex structure prediction than AlphaFold-Multimer by a large margin (+10.7% in terms of the Top-5 best DockQ), especially when the predicted complex structures have low confidence. We further show that by combining several MSA generation methods, we may yield even better complex structure prediction accuracy than Alphafold-Multimer (+22% in terms of the Top-5 best DockQ). By systematically analyzing the impact factors of our algorithm we find that the diversity of MSA of interologs significantly affects the prediction accuracy. Moreover, we show that ESMPair performs particularly well on complexes in eucaryotes.