Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001, Burgos, Spain; International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies (ICCRAM), R&D Center, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
Environ Pollut. 2023 Sep 15;333:122073. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122073. Epub 2023 Jun 16.
BPA is a hazard for human and environmental health and recently BPA was added to the Candidate List of substances of very high concern by European Chemical Agency (ECHA). In accordance with this proposal, the authorities have encouraged the replacement of BPA by BPA analogues; however, little is known about the impact of these compounds on the environment. Due to this situation five BPA analogues (BPS, BPAP, BPAF, BPFL and BPC) were chosen in order to study their effects on marine primary producers. Three marine microalgae species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis suecica and Nannochloropsis gaditana) were selected for single and multispecies tests concerning the ecotoxicological effects of these BPA analogues. Microalgae were exposed to BPs over 72 h at different dosages (5, 20, 40, 80, 150 and 300 μM). Responses such as: growth, ROS production, cell complexity, cell size, autofluorescence of chlorophyll a, effective quantum yield of PSII and pigment concentrations were assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h. The results revealed that BPS and BPA showed lower toxicity to microalgae in comparison with BPFL > BPAF > BPAP and >BPC for the endpoints studied. N. gaditana was the least sensitive microalgae in comparison to P. tricornutum and T. suecica. However, a different trend was found in the multispecies tests where T. suecica dominated the microalgae community in relation to N. gaditana and P. tricornutum. The results of this work revealed for first time that present day BPA analogues are a threat and not a safe substitute for BPA in terms of the marine phytoplanktonic community. Therefore, the results of their impact on aquatic organisms should be shared.
双酚 A 对人类健康和环境构成危害，最近被欧洲化学品管理局（ECHA）列入高度关注物质候选清单。根据这一提议，当局鼓励用双酚 A 类似物替代双酚 A；然而，人们对这些化合物对环境的影响知之甚少。由于这种情况，选择了五种双酚 A 类似物（BPS、BPAP、BPAF、BPFL 和 BPC）来研究它们对海洋初级生产者的影响。选择了三种海洋微藻物种（Phaeodactylum tricornutum、Tetraselmis suecica 和 Nannochloropsis gaditana）进行单一和多物种测试，以研究这些双酚 A 类似物的生态毒性效应。微藻在不同剂量（5、20、40、80、150 和 300μM）下暴露于 BPs 中超过 72 小时。在 24、48 和 72 小时时评估了生长、ROS 产生、细胞复杂性、细胞大小、叶绿素 a 的自发荧光、PSII 的有效量子产率和色素浓度等反应。结果表明，与 BPFL>BPAF>BPAP 和>BPC 相比，BPS 和 BPA 对微藻的毒性较低。与 P. tricornutum 和 T. suecica 相比，N. gaditana 是最不敏感的微藻。然而，在多物种测试中发现了不同的趋势，在多物种测试中，与 N. gaditana 和 P. tricornutum 相比，T. suecica 主导了微藻群落。这项工作首次表明，目前的双酚 A 类似物是一种威胁，而不是海洋浮游植物群落中 BPA 的安全替代品。因此，应该分享它们对水生生物的影响的结果。
