Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, 71524, Egypt.
Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2023 Sep 15;333:122074. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122074. Epub 2023 Jun 16.
Pyrogallol is widely used in several industrial applications and can subsequently contaminate aquatic ecosystems. Here, we report for the first time the presence of pyrogallol in wastewater in Egypt. Currently, there is a complete lack of toxicity and carcinogenicity data for pyrogallol exposure in fish. To address this gap, both acute and sub-acute toxicity experiments were conducted to determine the toxicity of pyrogallol in catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Behavioral and morphological endpoints were evaluated, in addition to blood hematological endpoints, biochemical indices, electrolyte balance, and the erythron profile (poikilocytosis and nuclear abnormalities). In the acute toxicity assay, it was determined that the 96 h median-lethal concentration (96 h-LC) of pyrogallol for catfish was 40 mg/L. In sub-acute toxicity experiment, fish divided into four groups; Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 was exposed to 1 mg/L of pyrogallol, Group 3 was exposed to 5 mg/L of pyrogallol, and Group 4 was exposed to 10 mg/L of pyrogallol. Fish showed morphological changes such as erosion of the dorsal and caudal fins, skin ulcers, and discoloration following exposure to pyrogallol for 96 h. Exposure to 1, 5, or 10 mg/L pyrogallol caused a significant decrease in hematological indices, including red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells (WBC), thrombocytes, and large and small lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Several biochemical parameters (creatinine, uric acid, liver enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose) were altered in a concentration dependent manner with short term exposures to pyrogallol. Pyrogallol exposure also caused a significant concentration-dependent rise in the percentage of poikilocytosis and nuclear abnormalities of RBCs in catfish. In conclusion, our data suggest that pyrogallol should be considered further in environmental risk assessments of aquatic species.
焦性没食子酸广泛应用于多种工业应用中，随后可能会污染水生生态系统。在这里，我们首次报告了焦性没食子酸在埃及废水中的存在。目前，关于鱼类暴露于焦性没食子酸的毒性和致癌性数据完全缺乏。为了解决这一差距，我们进行了急性和亚急性毒性实验，以确定焦性没食子酸对鲶鱼（Clarias gariepinus）的毒性。评估了行为和形态终点，以及血液血液学终点、生化指标、电解质平衡和红细胞谱（异形红细胞和核异常）。在急性毒性试验中，确定焦性没食子酸对鲶鱼的 96 小时半致死浓度（96 h-LC）为 40mg/L。在亚急性毒性实验中，将鱼分为四组；第 1 组为对照组。第 2 组暴露于 1mg/L 的焦性没食子酸，第 3 组暴露于 5mg/L 的焦性没食子酸，第 4 组暴露于 10mg/L 的焦性没食子酸。鱼在暴露于焦性没食子酸 96 小时后表现出形态变化，如背鳍和尾鳍腐蚀、皮肤溃疡和变色。暴露于 1、5 或 10mg/L 的焦性没食子酸会导致血液学指数（红细胞（RBC）、血红蛋白、血细胞比容、白细胞（WBC）、血小板和大、小淋巴细胞）显著下降，呈剂量依赖性。几种生化参数（肌酐、尿酸、肝酶、乳酸脱氢酶和葡萄糖）随着短期暴露于焦性没食子酸而呈浓度依赖性改变。焦性没食子酸暴露还导致鲶鱼红细胞异形红细胞和核异常的百分比显著升高，呈浓度依赖性。总之，我们的数据表明，在水生物种的环境风险评估中，应进一步考虑焦性没食子酸。
