Kmetiuk Louise Bach, Biondo Leandro Menegueli, Pedrosa Felipe, Favero Giovani Marino, Biondo Alexander Welker
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 80035-050, Brazil.
National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA), Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Santa Teresa, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
One Health. 2023 Jun 8;17:100577. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100577. eCollection 2023 Dec.
Wild boars have been listed among the 100 most invasive species worldwide, spreading impacts to all continents, with the exception of Antarctica. In Brazil, a major source of introduction was a commercial livestock importation for exotic meat market, followed by successive escapes and releases to natural ecosystems. Currently found in all six Brazilian biomes, with reports in 11 Brazilian states, wild boars have invaded natural and agricultural areas. Wild boars have been reportedly indicated as hosts and reservoirs of several zoonotic diseases in Brazil, including toxoplasmosis, salmonelosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, trichinellosis, and hepatitis E. Wild boars have been also associated with Brazilian spotted fever and rabies, infected while providing plentiful exotic blood supply for native ticks and hematophagous bats. Due to their phylogenetic proximity, wild boars may present ecological niche overlapping and direct disease risk to native white-lipped and collared peccaries. Moreover, wild boars may post an economical threat to Brazilian livestock industry due to restrictive diseases such as Aujeszky, enzootic pneumonia, neosporosis, hemoplasmosis, and classic swine fever. Finally, wild boars have directly impacted in environmentally protected areas, silting up water springs, rooting and wallowing native plants, decreasing native vegetal coverage, disbalancing of soil components, altering soil structure and composition. Wild boar hunting has failed as a control measure to date, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, due to private hunting groups mostly targeting males, intentionally leaving females and piglets alive, disseminating wild boar populations nationwide. Meanwhile, non-government animal welfare organizations have pointed to animal cruelty of hunting dogs and wild boars (and native species) during hunting. Despite unanimous necessity of wild boar control, eradication and prevention, methods have been controversial and should focus on effective governmental measures instead occasional game hunting, which has negatively impacted native wildlife species while wild boars have continuously spread throughout Brazil.
野猪已被列为全球100种最具入侵性的物种之一，其影响已蔓延至除南极洲以外的所有大陆。在巴西，野猪引入的一个主要来源是为 exotic meat 市场进行的商业牲畜进口，随后是不断有野猪逃到自然生态系统并被放生。目前，在巴西的所有六个生物群落中都能发现野猪，巴西11个州都有相关报告，野猪已经侵入了自然和农业区域。据报道，在巴西，野猪被指出是几种人畜共患疾病的宿主和储存宿主，包括弓形虫病、沙门氏菌病、钩端螺旋体病、布鲁氏菌病、结核病、旋毛虫病和戊型肝炎。野猪还与巴西斑疹热和狂犬病有关，它们在为本地蜱虫和吸血蝙蝠提供大量 exotic blood supply 时受到感染。由于它们在系统发育上的亲缘关系，野猪可能与本地白唇野猪和领野猪存在生态位重叠，并对它们构成直接的疾病风险。此外，由于诸如奥耶斯基病、地方性肺炎、新孢子虫病、血质原虫病和经典猪瘟等限制性疾病，野猪可能会对巴西的畜牧业构成经济威胁。最后，野猪对环境保护区产生了直接影响，淤塞泉水、拱翻并践踏本地植物、减少本地植被覆盖、破坏土壤成分平衡、改变土壤结构和组成。根据巴西环境部的说法，迄今为止，野猪狩猎作为一种控制措施并未成功，因为私人狩猎团体大多以雄性野猪为目标，故意让雌性野猪和仔猪存活，从而使野猪种群在全国范围内扩散。与此同时，非政府动物福利组织指出了狩猎过程中猎狗对野猪（以及本地物种）的虐待行为。尽管一致认为有必要控制、根除和预防野猪，但相关方法一直存在争议，应该侧重于有效的政府措施，而不是偶尔的狩猎活动，因为这种活动在野猪不断在巴西蔓延的同时，对本地野生动物物种产生了负面影响。
