Patricia Katowa-Mukwato, Victoria Mwiinga-Kalusopa, Connie Maimbolwa Margaret, Marjorie Kabinga-Makukula, Violet Kayamba, Elliot Kafumukache, Moses Simuyemba, Emmanuel Musenge, Christabel Mwiinga, Kampata Linda, Nzala Selestine H, Zyaambo Cosmas, Kaile Trevor, Fastone Goma
School of Nursing Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Open J Nurs. 2022 Jul;12(7):525-536. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2022.127035. Epub 2022 Jul 29.
An Advanced Practice Nurse is a generalist or specialized nurse who has acquired thorough graduate education a minimum of a master's degree. The need for Advanced Practice Nurses is increasingly recognized globally. This paper describes the process, which was undertaken by School of Nursing Sciences, University of Zambia in reviewing and developing advanced practice nursing and midwifery curricula which will be implemented using the Early and Enhanced Clinical Exposure model (EECE).
The curricula development/review process utilized a modified Taba's Model which followed a step-by-step approach including: 1) desk review, 2) diagnosis of needs (needs assessment), 3) stakeholder consultations, 4) content development, 5) validations and approval from which several lessons were learnt and recommendations made. Findings and recommendations from different stages were used as a basis for reviewing and developing advanced practice nursing and midwifery curricula.
Desk review needs assessment and stakeholder consultations identified both strengths and weaknesses in the existing curricula. Major strengths were duration and core courses which met the minimum requirement for postgraduate nursing and midwifery training. Major weaknesses/gaps included some content that was too basic for the master's level and the delayed exposure to practicum sites which limited the development of advanced practice skills. Others were inadequate competence for advanced practice, inadequate research methodology course, lack of content to foster development of personal soft skills and predominant use of traditional teaching methods. Stakeholders recommended implementing advanced, clinical and hands-on Masters of Nursing and Midwifery programmes which resulted in the review of four existing and development of five demand-driven curricula.
The reviewed and developed curricula were strengthened to close the identified gaps. Both the reviewed and developed curricula have been implemented using the Early and Enhanced Clinical Exposure Model with a view to producing Advanced Practice Nurses and Midwives who are competent to meet diverse health care needs and contribute to improving patient outcomes.
高级实践护士是获得了全面研究生教育（至少硕士学位）的通科或专科护士。全球对高级实践护士的需求日益得到认可。本文描述了赞比亚大学护理科学学院所开展的一项工作流程，即审查和制定高级实践护理与助产课程，这些课程将采用早期强化临床接触模式（EECE）来实施。
课程开发/审查过程采用了改良的塔巴模型，该模型采用循序渐进的方法，包括：1）案头审查，2）需求诊断（需求评估），3）利益相关者协商，4）内容开发，5）验证与批准，从中吸取了若干经验教训并提出了建议。不同阶段的调查结果和建议被用作审查和制定高级实践护理与助产课程的基础。
案头审查、需求评估和利益相关者协商确定了现有课程的优势与不足。主要优势在于课程时长和核心课程，这些满足了研究生护理与助产培训的最低要求。主要不足/差距包括一些内容对于硕士水平来说过于基础，以及临床实习地点的接触延迟，这限制了高级实践技能的发展。其他不足包括高级实践能力不足、研究方法课程不足、缺乏培养个人软技能发展的内容以及传统教学方法的主导使用。利益相关者建议实施高级、临床和实践操作型的护理与助产硕士项目，这导致对四门现有课程进行了审查，并开发了五门需求驱动型课程。
经过审查和开发的课程得到了强化，以弥补已确定的差距。经过审查和开发的课程均已采用早期强化临床接触模式实施，旨在培养有能力满足多样化医疗保健需求并有助于改善患者治疗效果的高级实践护士和助产士。
