University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
Cognition. 2023 Sep;238:105510. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105510. Epub 2023 Jun 17.
We investigated whether and how emotional information would affect analogical reasoning. We hypothesized that task-irrelevant emotional information would impair performance whereas task-relevant emotional information would enhance it. In Study 1, 233 undergraduates completed a novel version of the People Pieces Task (Emotional Faces People Task), an analogical reasoning task in which the task characters displayed emotional or neutral facial expressions (within-participants). The emotional faces were relevant or irrelevant to the task (between-participants). We simulated the behavioral results using the Learning and Inference with Schemas and Analogies (LISA) model of relational reasoning. LISA is a neurally plausible, symbolic-connectionist computational model of analogical reasoning. In comparison to neutral trials, participants were slower but more accurate on emotion-relevant trials, and were faster but less accurate on emotion-irrelevant trials. Simulations using the LISA model demonstrated that it is possible to account for the effects of emotional information on reasoning in terms of how emotional stimuli attract attention during a reasoning task. In Study 2, 255 undergraduates completed the Emotional Faces People Task at either a high- or low-working memory load. The high working memory load condition of Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1, showing that participants were more accurate on emotion-relevant trials than on emotion-irrelevant trials; in Study 2, this increased accuracy could not be accounted for by a speed-accuracy tradeoff. The working memory manipulation influenced the manner in which the congruence (with the correct answer) of emotion-irrelevant emotion influenced performance. Simulations using the LISA model showed that manipulating the salience of emotion, the error penalty, as well as vigilance (which determines the likelihood that LISA will notice it has attended to an irrelevant relation), could reasonably reproduce the behavioral results of both low and high working memory load conditions of Study 2.
我们研究了情绪信息是否以及如何影响类比推理。我们假设，与任务无关的情绪信息会损害表现，而与任务相关的情绪信息则会增强表现。在研究 1 中，233 名本科生完成了一项新颖的“人物拼贴任务”（Emotional Faces People Task），这是一项类比推理任务，其中任务角色表现出情绪或中性面部表情（组内）。情绪面孔与任务相关或不相关（组间）。我们使用关系推理的学习和推理与模式和类比（LISA）模型模拟了行为结果。LISA 是一种神经上合理的、符号连接主义的类比推理计算模型。与中性试验相比，参与者在情绪相关试验中反应较慢但准确性较高，在情绪无关试验中反应较快但准确性较低。使用 LISA 模型进行的模拟表明，根据情绪刺激在推理任务中吸引注意力的方式，解释情绪信息对推理的影响是可能的。在研究 2 中，255 名本科生在高或低工作记忆负荷下完成了“情绪面孔人物任务”。研究 2 的高工作记忆负荷条件复制了研究 1 的发现，表明参与者在情绪相关试验中的准确性高于情绪无关试验；在研究 2 中，这种准确性的提高不能用速度准确性权衡来解释。工作记忆的操作影响了情绪无关情绪与正确答案一致（congruence）对表现的影响方式。使用 LISA 模型进行的模拟表明，操纵情绪的显著性、错误惩罚以及警惕性（决定 LISA 是否注意到它已经注意到无关关系的可能性）可以合理地再现研究 2 中低和高工作记忆负荷条件的行为结果。
