Assessment of the patient with heart failure symptoms and risk factors: A guide for the non-cardiologist.

Although the prevalence of heart failure has been increasing over time, the presentation of heart failure has been shifting, with a greater proportion of preserved ejection fraction and more slowly progressive symptoms that require recognition in the outpatient setting. These shifts have placed more of the diagnostic responsibility onto primary care physicians, who often are challenged to determine the etiology of common symptoms in patients who often have several other potential reasons for these symptoms. Establishing a diagnosis of heart failure requires a step-wise approach that includes physical exam (looking for multiple signs of hypervolemia), labs (B-type natriuretic peptide levels), and echocardiography (structural and functional measures). Diagnostic algorithms are particularly challenging in patients with obesity, which limits the assessment of intravascular volume on exam, the quality of cardiac imaging, and the diagnostic accuracy of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, which may be falsely low. In these challenging patients, the use of risk scores, invasive testing of intravascular volume, or empiric treatment of hypervolemia may be needed to determine whether symptoms are due to heart failure. Once a diagnosis of heart failure is established, several treatments can be beneficial, from diuretics to relieve congestion to various aspects of guideline-directed medical therapy, some of which vary according to the ejection fraction of the patient. In addition, a diagnosis of heart failure may alter the treatment plan for comorbidities, including selection of anti-hypertensive and glucose-lowering medications, and medical or surgical treatments for obesity. While a diagnosis of heart failure may be challenging in many patients with slowly progressive and non-specific symptoms, early recognition and treatment can be extremely effective at preventing hospitalizations, prolonging survival, and improving quality of life.