Department of Psychiatry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Nov 22;25(12):1882-1890. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntad097.
The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68) is a 68-item questionnaire to assess nicotine dependence as a multifactorial construct based on 13 theoretically derived smoking motives. Chronic smoking is associated with structural changes in brain regions implicated in the maintenance of smoking behavior; however, associations between brain morphometry and the various reinforcing components of smoking behavior remain unexamined. The present study investigated the potential association between smoking dependence motives and regional brain volumes in a cohort of 254 adult smokers.
The WISDM-68 was administered to participants at the baseline session. Structural magnetic resonance brain imaging (MRI) data from 254 adult smokers (Mage = 42.7 ± 11.4) with moderate to severe nicotine dependence (MFTND = 5.4 ± 2.0) smoking for at least 2 years (Myears = 24.3 ± 11.8) were collected and analyzed with Freesurfer.
Vertex-wise cluster analysis revealed that high scores on the WISDM-68 composite, secondary dependence motives (SDM) composite, and multiple SDM subscales were associated with lower cortical volume in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (cluster-wise p's < .035). Analysis of subcortical volumes (ie, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, and pallidum) revealed several significant associations with WISDM-68 subscales, dependence severity (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence), and overall exposure (pack-years). No significant associations between cortical volume and other nicotine dependence measures or pack-years were observed.
Results suggest that smoking motives may play a larger role in cortical abnormalities than addiction severity and smoking exposure per se, whereas subcortical volumes are associated with smoking motives, addiction severity, and smoking exposure.
The present study reports novel associations between the various reinforcing components of smoking behavior assessed by the WISDM-68 and regional brain volumes. Results suggest that the underlying emotional, cognitive, and sensory processes that drive non-compulsive smoking behaviors may play a larger role in gray matter abnormalities of smokers than smoking exposure or addiction severity.
威斯康星州吸烟依赖动机问卷（WISDM-68）是一种 68 项问卷，用于评估尼古丁依赖，将其作为一种基于 13 种理论上得出的吸烟动机的多因素结构。慢性吸烟与大脑区域结构的变化有关，这些区域与维持吸烟行为有关；然而，吸烟行为的各种强化成分与大脑形态之间的关联仍未得到检验。本研究调查了 254 名成年吸烟者队列中吸烟依赖动机与局部脑容量之间的潜在关联。
在基线会议上向参与者发放 WISDM-68。对 254 名有中度至重度尼古丁依赖（MFTND=5.4±2.0）、吸烟至少 2 年（Myears=24.3±11.8）的成年吸烟者进行结构磁共振脑成像（MRI）数据采集，并使用 Freesurfer 进行分析。
顶点聚类分析显示，WISDM-68 综合评分、次要依赖动机（SDM）综合评分和多个 SDM 分量表的高分与右侧外侧前额皮质的皮质体积降低有关（聚类-wise p 值<.035）。对皮质下体积（即伏隔核、杏仁核、尾状核和苍白球）的分析显示，WISDM-68 分量表、依赖严重程度（尼古丁依赖 Fagerström 测试）和总体暴露（包年）与几个分量表显著相关。皮质体积与其他尼古丁依赖测量值或包年之间无显著相关性。
结果表明，吸烟动机可能在皮质异常中比成瘾严重程度和吸烟暴露本身发挥更大的作用，而皮质下体积与吸烟动机、成瘾严重程度和吸烟暴露有关。
本研究报告了 WISDM-68 评估的吸烟行为各种强化成分与局部脑容量之间的新关联。结果表明，驱动非强迫性吸烟行为的潜在情感、认知和感觉过程在吸烟者的灰质异常中可能比吸烟暴露或成瘾严重程度发挥更大的作用。
