Faculty of Education, Bar-Ilan University.
Department of Education, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
J Fam Psychol. 2024 Feb;38(1):104-117. doi: 10.1037/fam0001101. Epub 2023 Jun 19.
Toddlerhood is a period where issues of autonomy and control in parent-child relationships become particularly intense. In response to these challenges, some parents adopt controlling practices, whereas others are more autonomy supportive. However, research has yet to examine prenatal orientations that foreshadow specific controlling or autonomy-supportive parental practices in toddlerhood and children's socioemotional functioning. In particular, literature on early childhood socialization lacks sufficient evidence on the effects of the controversial controlling practice of parental conditional positive regard. To increase our knowledge on these issues, we examined reports provided by Israeli Jewish mothers during their first pregnancy ( = 294), at 18-month postpartum ( = 226), and when the child was 42 months old ( = 134). To control for child temperament, both parents reported 8-month postpartum ( = 235) on infant temperament dispositions, which may act as precursors of later socioemotional functioning. Structural equations modeling revealed that a general prenatal maternal orientation to use conditional regard as a socialization practice predicted mothers' use of the specific practices of conditional positive and negative regard with toddlers, which then predicted internalizing problems when children reached the age of 42 months. Additionally, a general prenatal orientation toward autonomy-supportive parenting predicted mothers' perspective taking with toddlers, which then predicted children's prosocial behavior at 42 months. The effects emerged also after controlling for infants' temperamental dispositions toward negative emotionality and positive affect. Findings underlie the potential role of prenatal orientations toward conditional regard and autonomy support that, when later transform into specific early parenting practices, may serve as early markers of child socioemotional adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
学步期是亲子关系中自主性和控制问题变得尤为紧张的时期。针对这些挑战，一些父母采取控制型做法，而另一些父母则更支持自主性。然而，研究尚未探讨预示学步期和儿童社会情感功能中特定控制或自主性支持型父母做法的产前倾向。特别是，关于幼儿社会化的文献缺乏关于有争议的父母条件性积极关注的控制做法的影响的充分证据。为了增加我们对这些问题的了解，我们检查了以色列犹太母亲在第一次怀孕时（n=294）、产后 18 个月（n=226）和孩子 42 个月时（n=134）提供的报告。为了控制儿童气质，父母双方在产后 8 个月（n=235）时报告了婴儿气质倾向，这可能是以后社会情感功能的前兆。结构方程模型显示，母亲在产前普遍倾向于将条件性关注作为一种社会化实践，这预示着母亲在学步期会使用具体的条件性积极和消极关注实践，而这些实践随后又会预测孩子在 42 个月时出现内化问题。此外，母亲在产前普遍倾向于支持自主性的育儿方式，这预示着母亲在学步期会与孩子进行换位思考，这随后又会预测孩子在 42 个月时的亲社会行为。在控制了婴儿对负性情绪和正性情绪的气质倾向后，这些影响仍然存在。这些发现为产前对条件性关注和自主性支持的倾向可能起到的潜在作用提供了依据，当这些倾向后来转化为具体的早期育儿实践时，可能成为儿童社会情感适应的早期标志。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2024 APA，保留所有权利）。
