Whittet T D
Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979 Apr;36(4):492-7.
The transition from hospital apothecaries to contemporary hospital pharmacists in Great Britain is reviewed, beginning with the monk-apothecaries associated with the monastic infirmaries as early as the 12th century. Briefly reviewed is the use of the title Apothecary, from about the mid-1500s to about the mid-1800s, at three Royal Hospitals--St. Thomas's Hospital, St. Bartholomew's Hospital and the Bethlehem Hospital. The responsibilities, pharmaceutical and otherwise, of persons who held this title over the years are discussed. Pharmaceutical duties were eventually entrusted to the dispenser (or, at St. Thomas's, the pharmaceutist) and then to the pharmacist. The history of hospital apothecaries is also traced at the voluntary hospitals, University College Hospital, and hospitals in Scotland, Wales and the British provinces. British hospital apothecaries changed from a pharmaceutical orientation to a medical orientation, but they retained control of hospital pharmacies for about 50 years after this change was sanctioned legally.
本文回顾了英国从医院药剂师向当代医院药师的转变历程，始于早在12世纪就与修道院医务室相关联的僧侣药剂师。简要回顾了从16世纪中叶到19世纪中叶，在三家皇家医院——圣托马斯医院、圣巴塞洛缪医院和伯利恒医院对药剂师这一称谓的使用情况。讨论了多年来拥有这一称谓的人员在药学及其他方面的职责。药学职责最终委托给配药员（或在圣托马斯医院委托给药剂师），然后又委托给药师。还追溯了志愿医院、大学学院医院以及苏格兰、威尔士和英国各省份医院的医院药剂师历史。英国医院药剂师从以药学为导向转变为以医学为导向，但在这一转变得到法律认可后，他们仍掌控医院药房约50年。
