Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
Chem Rev. 2023 Jul 12;123(13):8781-8858. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00202. Epub 2023 Jun 23.
The utility of carbazole in photo-, electro-, and medicinal applications has ensured its widespread use also as the backbone in tridentate pincer ligands. In this review, the aim is to identify and illustrate the key features of the -carbazolide binding to transition metal centers (with = flanking donor moieties, e.g., C, N, P, and O-groups) in a systematic bottom-up progression to illustrate the marked benefits attainable from (i) the rigid aromatic carbazole scaffold (modulable in both the 1,8- and 3,6-positions), (ii) the significant electronic effect of central carbazole-amido binding to a metal, and the tunable sterics and electronics of both the (iii) flanking donor -moieties and (iv) the wingtip -groups on the -donors, with their corresponding influence on metal coordination geometry, -electron configuration, and resultant reactivity. Systematic implementation of the ligand design strategies not in isolation, but in a combinatorial approach, is showcased to demonstrate the potential for functional molecules that are not only modulable but also adaptable for wide-ranging applications (e.g., stereoselective (photo)catalysis, challenging small molecule activation, SET and redox applications, and even applications in chemotherapeutics) as an indication of future research efforts anticipated to stem from this versatile pincer assembly, not only for the transition metals but also for -, -, and -block elements.
咔唑在光、电和药物应用中的实用性确保了其在作为三齿螯合配体的骨架中的广泛应用。在这篇综述中,目的是通过系统的自下而上的方法,确定并说明 -咔唑基与过渡金属中心(其中 = 侧翼供体部分,例如 C、N、P 和 O 基团)结合的关键特征,以说明(i)刚性芳香咔唑骨架(在 1,8-和 3,6-位可调节),(ii)咔唑酰胺与金属的中心咔唑键合的显著电子效应,以及侧翼供体 -基团的可调节的立体和电子性质,以及(iv)在 -供体上,以及它们对金属配位几何形状、-电子构型和相应反应性的影响。系统地实施配体设计策略不仅是孤立的,而且是组合的方法,展示了多功能分子的潜力,这些分子不仅是可调节的,而且是可适应的,适用于广泛的应用(例如,立体选择性(光)催化、具有挑战性的小分子活化、SET 和氧化还原应用,甚至在化学治疗中的应用),这表明预期未来的研究工作将源于这种多功能螯合组装,不仅针对过渡金属,而且针对 -、- 和 - 族元素。