Department of Medicine, Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States.
Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2023 Oct;23(10):719-732. doi: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.05.008. Epub 2023 May 23.
Secondary antibody deficiency (SAD) is a subtype of secondary immunodeficiency characterized by low serum antibody concentrations (hypogammaglobulinemia) or poor antibody function. SAD is common in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) due to underlying disease pathophysiology and treatment-related immune system effects. Patients with SAD are more susceptible to infections and infection-related morbidity and mortality. With therapeutic advancements improving MM disease control and survival, it is increasingly important to recognize and treat the often-overlooked concurrent immunodeficiency present in patients with MM. The aims of this review are to define SAD and its consequences in MM, increase SAD awareness, and provide recommendations for SAD management. Based on expert panel discussions at a standalone meeting and supportive literature, several recommendations were made. Firstly, all patients with MM should be suspected to have SAD regardless of serum antibody concentrations. Patients should be evaluated for immunodeficiency at MM diagnosis and stratified into management categories based on their individualized risk of SAD and infection. Infection-prevention strategy education, early infection reporting, and anti-infective prophylaxis are key. We recommend prophylactic antibiotics or immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT) should be considered in patients with severe hypogammaglobulinemia associated with a recurrent or persistent infection. To ensure an individualized and efficient treatment approach is utilized, patient's immunoglobin G concentration and infection burden should be closely monitored throughout treatment. Patient choice regarding route and IgRT treatment is also key in reducing treatment burden. Together, these recommendations and proposed management algorithms can be used to aid physician decision-making to improve patient outcomes.
继发性抗体缺陷症(SAD)是一种继发性免疫缺陷症,其特征为血清抗体浓度低(低丙种球蛋白血症)或抗体功能差。由于潜在的疾病发病机制和治疗相关的免疫系统影响,多发性骨髓瘤(MM)患者中 SAD 很常见。SAD 患者更容易感染,且感染相关发病率和死亡率更高。随着治疗方法的进步,改善了 MM 疾病控制和生存率,因此越来越有必要认识和治疗 MM 患者中经常被忽视的并存免疫缺陷。本文的目的是定义 SAD 及其在 MM 中的后果,提高对 SAD 的认识,并为 SAD 管理提供建议。根据在一次单独会议上的专家小组讨论和相关文献,提出了几项建议。首先,无论血清抗体浓度如何,所有 MM 患者均应怀疑患有 SAD。应在 MM 诊断时评估患者的免疫缺陷,并根据其 SAD 和感染的个体化风险分层为管理类别。感染预防策略教育、早期感染报告和抗感染预防是关键。我们建议,在伴有反复或持续感染的严重低丙种球蛋白血症患者中,应考虑预防性抗生素或免疫球蛋白替代疗法(IgRT)。为确保采用个体化和有效的治疗方法,应在整个治疗过程中密切监测患者的免疫球蛋白 G 浓度和感染负担。患者对途径和 IgRT 治疗的选择也可减少治疗负担。这些建议和拟议的管理算法可用于辅助医生决策,以改善患者的预后。