Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, Peru.
Mar Drugs. 2023 May 31;21(6):338. doi: 10.3390/md21060338.
The marine environment offers a vast array of resources, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, that can be utilized to extract polysaccharides such as alginate, carrageenan, chitin, chitosan, agarose, ulvan, porphyra, and many more. These polysaccharides found in marine environments can serve as carbon-rich precursors for synthesizing carbon quantum dots (CQDs). Marine polysaccharides have a distinct advantage over other CQD precursors because they contain multiple heteroatoms, including nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). The surface of CQDs can be naturally doped, reducing the need for excessive use of chemical reagents and promoting green methods. The present review highlights the processing methods used to synthesize CQDs from marine polysaccharide precursors. These can be classified according to their biological origin as being derived from algae, crustaceans, or fish. CQDs can be synthesized to exhibit exceptional optical properties, including high fluorescence emission, absorbance, quenching, and quantum yield. CQDs' structural, morphological, and optical properties can be adjusted by utilizing multi-heteroatom precursors. Moreover, owing to their biocompatibility and low toxicity, CQDs obtained from marine polysaccharides have potential applications in various fields, including biomedicine (e.g., drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing), photocatalysis, water quality monitoring, and the food industry. Using marine polysaccharides to produce carbon quantum dots (CQDs) enables the transformation of renewable sources into a cutting-edge technological product. This review can provide fundamental insights for the development of novel nanomaterials derived from natural marine sources.
海洋环境提供了丰富的资源，包括植物、动物和微生物，可用于提取海藻酸盐、卡拉胶、甲壳素、壳聚糖、琼脂糖、岩藻聚糖、紫菜多糖等多糖。这些海洋环境中发现的多糖可以作为合成碳量子点（CQDs）的富碳前体。与其他 CQD 前体相比，海洋多糖具有明显的优势，因为它们含有多种杂原子，包括氮（N）、硫（S）和氧（O）。CQD 的表面可以自然掺杂，减少对化学试剂的过度使用，促进绿色方法。本综述重点介绍了从海洋多糖前体制备 CQD 的加工方法。这些方法可以根据其生物来源分为源自藻类、甲壳类动物或鱼类的方法。可以通过利用多杂原子前体制备来合成具有优异光学性能的 CQD，包括高荧光发射、吸收、猝灭和量子产率。CQD 的结构、形态和光学性质可以通过利用多杂原子前体制备来调节。此外，由于其生物相容性和低毒性，从海洋多糖中获得的 CQD 在生物医学（例如，药物传递、生物成像和生物传感）、光催化、水质监测和食品工业等各个领域具有潜在的应用。利用海洋多糖生产碳量子点（CQDs）可以将可再生资源转化为先进的技术产品。本综述可为开发新型天然海洋来源的纳米材料提供基础见解。
