Genome Research and Education Center, Laboratory of Forest Genomics, Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 20;24(12):10403. doi: 10.3390/ijms241210403.
Trees are unique in terms of development, sustainability and longevity. Some species have a record lifespan in the living world, reaching several millennia. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees. In this review, we have focused on the genetic aspects of longevity of a few well-studied forest tree species, such as , , and , , and , as well as on interspecific genetic traits associated with plant longevity. A key trait associated with plant longevity is the enhanced immune defense, with the increase in gene families such as , and in the expansion of the disease resistance families in species and the steady expression of R-genes in . A high copy number ratio of the family genes involved in DNA repair and defense response was found in , and . An increase in the number of copies of the epigenetic regulators (maintenance of meristems and genome integrity) and (antiviral protection) was also found in long-lived trees. CHG methylation gradually declines in the gene in , a conservative age biomarker in conifers, as the age increases. It was shown in that grafting, cutting and pruning change the expression of age-related genes and rejuvenate plants. Thus, the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees were considered, among which there are both general and individual processes.
树木在发育、可持续性和寿命方面具有独特性。有些物种在生物界中拥有记录寿命，达到几千年。本综述的目的是总结森林树木长寿的遗传和表观遗传机制的现有数据。在本综述中，我们重点关注了少数几种经过充分研究的森林树木物种的长寿的遗传方面，如、、、、、、和，以及与植物长寿相关的种间遗传特征。与植物长寿相关的一个关键特征是增强的免疫防御，这表现在基因家族的增加，如和，在物种中抗病性家族的扩展，以及在中的 R 基因的稳定表达。在和中，参与 DNA 修复和防御反应的基因家族的高拷贝数比被发现。在长寿树木中，还发现了参与 DNA 修复和防御反应的表观遗传调节剂（维持分生组织和基因组完整性）和（抗病毒保护）的拷贝数增加。在针叶树中，作为年龄标志物的保守基因中的 CHG 甲基化随着年龄的增长逐渐减少。研究表明，嫁接、切割和修剪会改变与年龄相关的基因的表达，使植物恢复活力。因此，考虑了森林树木长寿的主要遗传和表观遗传机制，其中既有普遍的过程，也有特定的过程。
