Desnitskiy Alexey G, Chetverikov Philipp E, Ivanova Larissa A, Kuzmin Igor V, Ozman-Sullivan Sebahat K, Sukhareva Sogdiana I
Department of Embryology, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
Life (Basel). 2023 Jun 8;13(6):1347. doi: 10.3390/life13061347.
Recent publications on gall formation induced on the leaves of dicotyledonous flowering plants by eriophyoid mites (Eriophyoidea) and representatives of four insect orders (Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera) are analyzed. Cellular and molecular level data on the stimuli that induce and sustain the development of both mite and insect galls, the expression of host plant genes during gallogenesis, and the effects of these galling arthropods on photosynthesis are considered. A hypothesis is proposed for the relationship between the size of galls and the volume of secretions injected by a parasite. Multistep, varying patterns of plant gene expression and accompanying histo-morphological changes in the transformed gall tissues are apparent. The main obstacle to better elucidating the nature of the induction of gallogenesis is the impossibility of collecting a sufficient amount of saliva for analysis, which is especially important in the case of microscopic eriophyoids. The use of modern omics technologies at the organismal level has revealed a spectrum of genetic mechanisms of gall formation at the molecular level but has not yet answered the questions regarding the nature of gall-inducing agents and the features of events occurring in plant cells at the very beginning of gall growth.
本文分析了近期有关叶螨（瘿螨科）以及四个昆虫目（双翅目、半翅目、膜翅目、鳞翅目）的代表物种在双子叶开花植物叶片上诱导形成虫瘿的相关出版物。文中考虑了有关诱导和维持螨瘿与昆虫虫瘿发育的刺激因素、虫瘿形成过程中宿主植物基因的表达，以及这些造瘿节肢动物对光合作用影响的细胞和分子水平数据。针对虫瘿大小与寄生物注入分泌物量之间的关系提出了一个假说。植物基因表达呈现多步骤、不同的模式，并且在转化的虫瘿组织中伴随着组织形态学变化。更好地阐明虫瘿形成诱导本质的主要障碍在于无法收集到足够量的唾液用于分析，这在微小的叶螨案例中尤为重要。在生物体水平上使用现代组学技术已经揭示了分子水平上虫瘿形成的一系列遗传机制，但尚未回答有关致瘿因子的本质以及在虫瘿生长最初阶段植物细胞中发生事件的特征等问题。
