Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
New Phytol. 2023 Sep;239(5):1609-1621. doi: 10.1111/nph.19090. Epub 2023 Jun 29.
All living organisms are subjected to mechanical forces at all times. It has been reported that mechanics regulate many key cellular processes, including cell polarity establishment, cell division and gene expression, as a physical signal in both animal and plant development. Plant cells are exposed to several types of mechanical stresses, ranging from turgor-driven tensile stresses, mechanical force modified by heterogeneous growth directions and rates between neighbouring cells, to forces from the environment such as wind and rain, for which they have developed adaptive mechanisms. Increasing evidence has revealed that mechanical stresses markedly influence the alignment of cortical microtubules (CMTs) in plant cells, among other effects. CMTs are able to reorient in response to mechanical stresses at both the single-cell and tissue levels and always align with the maximal tensile stress direction. In this review, we discussed the known and potential molecules and pathways involved in the regulation of CMTs by mechanical stresses. We also summarized the available techniques that have allowed for mechanical perturbation. Finally, we highlighted several key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.
所有生物体无时无刻不受到机械力的作用。据报道，力学作为一种物理信号，在动植物发育过程中调节着许多关键的细胞过程，包括细胞极性的建立、细胞分裂和基因表达。植物细胞会受到多种类型的机械应力，范围从膨压驱动的张应力，到相邻细胞之间不均匀的生长方向和速率所产生的力，再到来自风、雨等环境的力，植物已经发展出了适应这些力的机制。越来越多的证据表明，机械应力显著影响植物细胞中皮层微管（CMTs）的排列，除此之外，还有其他影响。CMTs 能够在单细胞和组织水平上响应机械应力重新定向，并且始终与最大拉伸应力方向一致。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了已知和潜在的参与机械应力调节 CMTs 的分子和途径。我们还总结了允许进行机械扰动的现有技术。最后，我们强调了在这个新兴领域中仍需要解决的几个关键问题。
