Dozois R R, Pezim M E, Gunderson L L
Surg Clin North Am. 1986 Aug;66(4):821-32. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)43993-9.
In recent years, various approaches have been used to improve survival and the quality of life in patients after surgical treatment of rectal carcinoma. These approaches include earlier detection, sphincter-saving procedures, and adjuvant therapy, intraoperative therapy for locally advanced tumors, and a more aggressive approach for locally recurrent or distal but isolated spread of the disease.
近年来，人们采用了各种方法来提高直肠癌手术治疗后患者的生存率和生活质量。这些方法包括早期检测、保留括约肌手术、辅助治疗、局部晚期肿瘤的术中治疗，以及对局部复发或远处但孤立性扩散疾病采取更积极的治疗方法。
