Institute of Marine Sciences, Fisheries Collaborative Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA E-mail:
Regional Resource Centre for RMNCH + A, Saheed Laxman Nayak Medical College and Hospital, Koraput, Odisha, India; United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
J Water Health. 2023 Jun;21(6):751-762. doi: 10.2166/wh.2023.309.
Exposure to pathogens from domestic use of surface water is understudied. In many low- and middle-income countries, surface water is used for hygiene, sanitation, amenity, and recreational purposes. In this study, self-reported use of and structured observations at community ponds were collected to measure waterborne exposure across water and sanitation service levels in a rural population of Khorda District, India. Overall, 86% of households (n = 200) reported using ponds on a regular basis. Among observed people (n = 765), 82% put water into their mouth at least once, with a median frequency of five occurrences per visit. Reported and observation data were combined to estimate the proportion (p) of the population that put water in their mouth at least once per day, and their mean daily rate of oral exposure (OE). These were highest for individuals with neither safely managed water nor basic sanitation access (p = 93%, OE = 14 day), but still high among those with both (p = 67%, OE = 6 day). The results suggest widespread exposure to waterborne pathogens in settings where non-potable surface water bodies continue to be used for domestic purposes, even among households with access to safely managed drinking water.
人们对因家庭使用地表水而接触病原体的情况研究不足。在许多低收入和中等收入国家，地表水被用于卫生、环境卫生、娱乐和休闲等目的。在这项研究中，通过自我报告和对社区池塘的结构化观察，收集了有关印度 Khorda 区农村居民的水质和环境卫生服务水平的用水暴露数据。总体而言，86%的家庭（n = 200）定期使用池塘。在观察到的人群（n = 765）中，82%的人至少有一次将水放入口中，每次访问的中位数频率为五次。将报告数据和观察数据结合起来，可以估计至少每天将水放入口中一次的人群比例（p）及其每日口腔暴露（OE）的平均值。在既没有安全管理用水也没有基本环境卫生设施的人群中，这一比例最高（p = 93%，OE = 14 天），但在同时拥有这两种设施的人群中，这一比例仍然很高（p = 67%，OE = 6 天）。结果表明，即使在有安全管理饮用水的家庭中，在继续将非饮用水地表水用于家庭用途的情况下，也会普遍接触到水传播病原体。
