Centre for Bioelectric Interfaces, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Higher School of Economics, Krivokolenniy Pereulok 3, Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation.
Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2023 Aug;85(6):1976-1989. doi: 10.3758/s13414-023-02752-y. Epub 2023 Jul 6.
The stop-signal task (SST) is widely used for studying the speed of the latent process of response inhibition. The SST patterns are typically explained by a horse-race model (HRM) with supposed Go and Stop processes. However, HRM does not agree with the sequential-stage model of response control. As a result, the exact relationship between the response selection, the response execution stages, and the Stop process remains unclear. We propose that response selection occurs within the stop-signal delay (SSD) period, and that the competition between the Go and Stop processes occurs within the response execution period. To confirm this, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants carried out a modified SST task with an additional stimulus category - Cued-Go. In the Cued-Go trials, cues were followed by imperative Go signals. The Cue-Go period duration was dynamically adjusted by an adaptive algorithm based on the response times reflecting the individual response selection duration. In Experiment 2, Cued-Go stimuli were followed by Stop Signals in half of the trials and response inhibition efficiency was calculated. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that SSD reflects the duration of the response selection process. The results of Experiment 2 show that this process has an independent and small effect on the effectiveness of controlled inhibition of the target response. Based on our findings, we propose a two-stage model of response inhibition in SST, with the first stage including response selection process and the second stage response inhibition following the SS presentation.
停止信号任务(SST)广泛用于研究反应抑制的潜在过程的速度。SST 模式通常用假设的 Go 和 Stop 过程的赛马模型(HRM)来解释。然而,HRM 与反应控制的顺序阶段模型不一致。因此,反应选择、反应执行阶段和停止过程之间的确切关系仍不清楚。我们提出反应选择发生在停止信号延迟(SSD)期间,而 Go 和 Stop 过程之间的竞争发生在反应执行期间。为了证实这一点,我们进行了两项实验。在实验 1 中,参与者进行了一项带有附加刺激类别的修改后的 SST 任务——提示 Go。在提示 Go 试验中,提示后面跟着命令式的 Go 信号。基于反映个体反应选择持续时间的反应时间,自适应算法动态调整 Cue-Go 期持续时间。在实验 2 中,在一半的试验中,Cued-Go 刺激后面跟着停止信号,并计算反应抑制效率。实验 1 的结果表明 SSD 反映了反应选择过程的持续时间。实验 2 的结果表明,这个过程对目标反应的控制抑制的有效性有独立的、小的影响。基于我们的发现,我们提出了 SST 中反应抑制的两阶段模型,第一阶段包括反应选择过程,第二阶段是在 SS 呈现后进行反应抑制。