National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Sep;122:110583. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110583. Epub 2023 Jul 7.
Macrophages as innate immune cells with great plasticity are of great interest for cell therapy. There are two main macrophage populations - pro- and anti-inflammatory cells also known as M1 and M2. High potential in cancer research contributed to the in-depth study of the molecular processes leading to the polarization of macrophages into the M1 phenotype, and much less attention has been paid to anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, which can be successfully used in cell therapy of inflammatory diseases. This review describes ontogenesis of macrophages, main functions of pro- and and-inflammatory cells and four M2 subpopulations characterized by different functionalities. Data on agents (cytokines, microRNAs, drugs, plant extracts) that may induce M2 polarization through the changes in microenvironment, metabolism, and efferocytosis are summarized. Finally, recent attempts at stable macrophage polarization using genetic modifications are described. This review may be helpful for researchers concerned with the problem of M2 macrophage polarization and potential use of these anti-inflammatory cells for the purposes of regenerative medicine.
巨噬细胞作为具有巨大可塑性的先天免疫细胞，引起了细胞治疗领域的广泛关注。有两种主要的巨噬细胞群体——促炎和抗炎细胞，也被称为 M1 和 M2。巨噬细胞向 M1 表型极化的分子过程的深入研究极大地促进了癌症研究的发展，而抗炎 M2 巨噬细胞的研究则较少受到关注，抗炎 M2 巨噬细胞可成功地用于炎症性疾病的细胞治疗。本综述描述了巨噬细胞的个体发生、促炎和抗炎细胞的主要功能以及通过微环境、代谢和吞噬作用的改变而具有不同功能的四个 M2 亚群。总结了可能通过改变微环境、代谢和吞噬作用诱导 M2 极化的因子（细胞因子、microRNAs、药物、植物提取物）的数据。最后，描述了使用遗传修饰稳定巨噬细胞极化的最新尝试。本综述可能有助于关注 M2 巨噬细胞极化问题的研究人员，以及关注这些抗炎细胞在再生医学中的潜在用途的研究人员。
