Maleki Neda Soheili, Shakerkhatibi Mohammad, Dolatkhah Mehran, Safari Gholam Hossein
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2023 Aug;40(8):992-1010. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2232876. Epub 2023 Jul 10.
Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables cause serious health issues, especially among children. This research was carried out to monitor and evaluate the risks of organophosphate pesticide residues in Maragheh County apple products from 2020. The Monte Carlo Simulation approach (MCS) was used to evaluate the non-cancerous effects of exposure to pesticide residues in adults and children. Apple samples were taken every two weeks at the Maragheh central market during the summer and fall months. In this study, seventeen pesticide residues in 30 apple samples were estimated using a modified QuECheRS extraction technique coupled with GC/MS. Of the seventeen organophosphate pesticides, thirteen were identified as pesticide residues (76.47%). The highest concentration found in the apple samples was associated with chlorpyrifos pesticide at 1.05 mg/kg. Pesticide residues exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRLs) were found in 100% of apple specimens, and more than 75% of the samples contained ten or more pesticide residues. Approximately 45%-80% of pesticide residues on apple samples were removed after washing and peeling. Chlorpyrifos pesticide had the highest health quotient (HQ) for men, women, and children with values of 0.046, 0.054, and 0.23, respectively. Cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of non-carcinogenic effects indicates that there is no significant health risk in the adult age group from apple consumption (HI < 1). Nevertheless, children are at high non-cancer risk from eating unwashed apples (HI = 1.3). This finding shows that high levels of pesticide residues in apple samples, especially unwashed apples, can be a serious concern for the health of children. To better protect consumer health, continuous and regular monitoring, strict regulations, training, and awareness of farmers, especially control pre-harvest interval (PHI) is recommended.
水果和蔬菜中的农药残留会引发严重的健康问题，尤其是在儿童中。本研究旨在监测和评估2020年马拉盖县苹果产品中有机磷农药残留的风险。采用蒙特卡洛模拟方法（MCS）评估成人和儿童接触农药残留的非致癌影响。在夏季和秋季的几个月里，每两周在马拉盖中央市场采集苹果样本。在本研究中，使用改良的QuECheRS提取技术结合气相色谱/质谱法对30个苹果样本中的17种农药残留进行了估算。在这17种有机磷农药中，有13种被鉴定为农药残留（76.47%）。苹果样本中发现的最高浓度与毒死蜱农药有关，为1.05毫克/千克。100%的苹果样本中发现农药残留超过最大残留限量（MRLs），超过75%的样本含有十种或更多农药残留。苹果样本上约45%-80%的农药残留经过清洗和去皮后被去除。毒死蜱农药对男性、女性和儿童的健康商数（HQ）最高，分别为0.046、0.054和0.23。非致癌影响的累积风险评估（CRA）表明，食用苹果对成年年龄组没有显著健康风险（危害指数<1）。然而，儿童食用未清洗的苹果存在较高的非癌症风险（危害指数=1.3）。这一发现表明，苹果样本中高含量的农药残留，尤其是未清洗的苹果，可能会严重影响儿童健康。为了更好地保护消费者健康，建议持续定期监测、严格监管、对农民进行培训和提高认识，特别是控制收获前间隔期（PHI）。
