Zaller Johann G, Oswald Andreas, Wildenberg Martin, Burtscher-Schaden Helmut, Nadeem Imran, Formayer Herbert, Paredes Daniel
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 May 10;872:162237. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162237. Epub 2023 Feb 14.
Apples are the third most produced fruit in the world, but their production is often pesticide-intensive. Our objective was to identify options for pesticide reduction using farmer records from 2549 commercial apple fields in Austria during five years between 2010 and 2016. Using generalized additive mixed modeling, we examined how pesticide use was related to farm management, apple varieties, and meteorological parameters, and how it affected yields and toxicity to honeybees. Apple fields received 29.5 ± 8.6 (mean ± SD) pesticide applications per season at a rate of 56.7 ± 22.7 kg ha, which included a total of 228 pesticide products with 80 active ingredients. Over the years, fungicides accounted for 71 % of the pesticide amounts applied, insecticides for 15 %, and herbicides for 8 %. The most frequently used fungicides were sulfur (52 %), followed by captan (16 %) and dithianon (11 %). Of insecticides, paraffin oil (75 %) and chlorpyrifos/chlorpyrifos-methyl (6 % combined) were most frequently used. Among herbicides, glyphosate (54 %), CPA (20 %) and pendimethalin (12 %) were most often used. Pesticide use increased with increasing frequency of tillage and fertilization, increasing field size, increasing spring temperatures, and drier summer conditions. Pesticide use decreased with increasing number of summer days with maximum temperatures >30 °C and number of warm, humid days. Apple yields were significantly positively related to the number of heat days, warm humid nights, and pesticide treatment frequency, but were not affected by frequency of fertilization and tillage. Honeybee toxicity was not related to insecticide use. Pesticide use and yield were significantly related to apple varieties. Our analysis shows that pesticide use in the apple farms studied can be reduced by less fertilization and tillage, partly because yields were >50 % higher than the European average. However, weather extremes related to climate change, such as drier summers, could challenge plans to reduce pesticide use.
苹果是世界上产量第三高的水果，但其生产过程通常农药使用密集。我们的目标是利用2010年至2016年期间奥地利2549个商业苹果园的农户记录，确定减少农药使用的方法。我们使用广义相加混合模型，研究了农药使用与农场管理、苹果品种和气象参数之间的关系，以及其如何影响产量和对蜜蜂的毒性。苹果园每个季节平均施用29.5±8.6（均值±标准差）次农药，施用量为56.7±22.7千克/公顷，其中总共使用了228种含有80种活性成分的农药产品。多年来，杀菌剂占农药施用量的71%，杀虫剂占15%，除草剂占8%。最常用的杀菌剂是硫磺（52%），其次是克菌丹（16%）和敌菌丹（11%）。杀虫剂中，石蜡油（75%）和毒死蜱/甲基毒死蜱（合计6%）使用最为频繁。除草剂中，草甘膦（54%）、茅草枯（20%）和二甲戊灵（12%）使用最为频繁。农药使用量随着耕作和施肥频率的增加、果园面积的增大、春季气温的升高以及夏季气候变干而增加。农药使用量随着夏季最高气温>30°C的天数以及温暖潮湿天数的增加而减少。苹果产量与炎热天数、温暖潮湿夜晚的数量以及农药处理频率显著正相关，但不受施肥和耕作频率的影响。蜜蜂毒性与杀虫剂使用无关。农药使用和产量与苹果品种显著相关。我们的分析表明，在所研究的苹果园中，减少施肥和耕作可以降低农药使用量，部分原因是产量比欧洲平均水平高出50%以上。然而，与气候变化相关的极端天气，如夏季变干，可能会对减少农药使用的计划构成挑战。
