Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy.
Department of Information Engineering and Mathematics, University of Siena, Via Roma 56, 53100 Siena, Italy.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 May 13;23(10):4726. doi: 10.3390/s23104726.
In this paper, the authors present the results of a set of measurements carried out to analyze the transmission capabilities of the LoRaWAN technology for underwater to above water transmission in saline water. A theoretical analysis was used to model the link budget of the radio channel in the considered operative conditions and to estimate the electrical permittivity of salt water. Preliminary measurements were performed in the laboratory at different salinity levels to confirm the application boundaries of the technology, then field tests were conducted in the Venice lagoon. While these test are not focused on demonstrating the usability of LoRaWAN to collect data underwater, the achieved results demonstrate that LoRaWAN transmitters can be used in all those conditions when they are expected to be partially or totally submerged below a thin layer of marine water, in accordance with the prediction of the proposed theoretical model. This achievement paves the way for the deployment of superficial marine sensor networks in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) context, as for the monitoring of bridges, harbor structures, water parameters and water sport athletes and for the realization of high-water or fill-level alarm systems.
在本文中，作者介绍了一组测量结果，用于分析 LoRaWAN 技术在盐水中进行水下到水上传输的传输能力。理论分析用于对考虑的工作条件下的无线电通道链路预算进行建模，并估计盐水中的电导率。在不同盐度水平下在实验室进行了初步测量，以确认该技术的应用边界，然后在威尼斯泻湖进行了现场测试。虽然这些测试的重点不是证明 LoRaWAN 在水下收集数据的可用性，但所获得的结果表明，当 LoRaWAN 发射器预计部分或完全淹没在薄薄的一层海水下时，它们可以在所有这些情况下使用，这与所提出的理论模型的预测一致。这一成果为在物联网水下 (IoUT) 环境中部署浅层海洋传感器网络铺平了道路，可用于监测桥梁、港口结构、水参数和水上运动运动员，以及实现高水位或填充水平报警系统。
