Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M. B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Sci Rep. 2023 Jul 11;13(1):11209. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38062-4.
The levels, profiles of Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) and their associated health risk in children and adults using indoor dust samples were assessed from nine (9) microenvironments in Nigeria. Six PAEs congeners were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and the human health risk assessments of PAEs exposure to children and adults were computed using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure model. The mean concentrations of the total PAEs (ΣPAEs) in indoor dust across the study locations ranged from 1.61 ± 0.12 to 53.3 ± 5.27 μg/g with 72.0% of di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) as the most predominant contributor of PAEs in sample locations B, C, D, E, F and G. PAEs estimated daily intake results exceeded the USEPA value of 20 and 50 kg/bw/day for children and adults respectively in some locations. Non-carcinogenic risk exposure indicated no risk (HI < 1), while the carcinogenic risk was within the recommended threshold of 1.00 × 10 to 1.00 × 10 for benzyl butyl phthalate and bis-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. From our findings, lower levels of PAEs were observed in locations with good ventilation system. Also, the human health risk evaluation indicated indoor dust ingestion as the dominant exposure route of PAEs for both children and adults, while the children were at a higher risk of PAEs exposure. To protect children susceptible to these endocrine-disrupting pollutants, soft vinyl children's toys and teething rings should be avoided. Appropriate policies and procedures on the reduction of PAEs exposure to humans should be enacted by all stakeholders, including government regulatory agencies, industries, school administrators and the entire community.
本研究从尼日利亚的 9 个微环境中采集室内灰尘样本，评估了其中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的水平、分布情况及其对儿童和成人的健康风险。使用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定了 6 种邻苯二甲酸酯同系物，利用美国环保署（USEPA）暴露模型计算了儿童和成人接触邻苯二甲酸酯的健康风险。研究地点室内灰尘中总邻苯二甲酸酯（ΣPAEs）的平均浓度范围为 1.61±0.12 至 53.3±5.27μg/g，其中二正辛基邻苯二甲酸酯（DnOP）占比 72.0%，为各采样点最主要的邻苯二甲酸酯来源。在某些地点，邻苯二甲酸酯的估计日摄入量超过了美国环保署规定的儿童和成人分别为 20 和 50μg/kg/bw/day 的限值。非致癌风险暴露无风险（HI<1），而致癌风险处于苯丁基邻苯二甲酸酯和双（2-乙基己基）邻苯二甲酸酯推荐阈值 1.00×10-6 至 1.00×10-6 之间。我们的研究结果表明，通风良好的地点邻苯二甲酸酯水平较低。此外，人类健康风险评估表明，室内灰尘摄入是儿童和成人接触邻苯二甲酸酯的主要途径，而儿童面临更高的邻苯二甲酸酯暴露风险。为了保护易受这些内分泌干扰物影响的儿童，应避免使用软质乙烯基儿童玩具和出牙环。政府监管机构、工业界、学校管理人员和整个社区等所有利益相关者都应制定适当的政策和程序，以减少人类接触邻苯二甲酸酯。
