Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2023 Oct;284:111487. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111487. Epub 2023 Jul 10.
Aerobic swimming exercise in fish has been shown to improve robustness of some species. However, the optimal conditions to be applied and the mechanisms underlying remain unknown. We investigated the effects of 6 h of induced swimming on the immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), by analysing markers related to immune status in plasma, skin mucus, gills, heart and head-kidney. Forty fish were individually exercised in swim tunnels by applying different water currents: steady low (SL, 0.8 body lengths (BL) s), steady high (SH, 2.3 BL s), oscillating low (OL, 0.2/0.8 BL s) and oscillating high (OH, 0.8/2.3 BL s) velocities, including a non-exercised group with minimal water flow (MF, <0.1 BL s). Swimming conditions did not trigger a stress response or anaerobic metabolism, suggested by similar levels of cortisol, lactate, and glucose in plasma among groups. Blood haemoglobin and innate immune parameters in plasma and skin mucus also remained unaltered. However, decreased blood haematocrit was observed in fish swimming on the OL condition. Interestingly, gene expression analysis revealed that the OL condition led to the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (nfκb1 and mapk3) and cytokines (tnfα, il1β and il6) in gills. A similar response occurred in heart, with an up-regulation of nfκb1, tnfα, il6 and cox2 in the OL condition. Gene expression of these cytokines was unaltered in the head-kidney. The inflammatory response in gills and heart of gilthead seabream triggered by the OL condition highlights the importance of establishing suitable rearing conditions to improve welfare of cultured fish.
鱼类的有氧运动已被证明可以提高某些物种的健壮性。然而，应用的最佳条件和潜在机制仍不清楚。我们通过分析血浆、皮肤黏液、鳃、心脏和头肾中与免疫状态相关的标志物，研究了 6 小时诱导游泳对金头鲷（Sparus aurata）免疫反应的影响。将 40 条鱼分别放入游泳隧道中，通过施加不同的水流进行运动：稳定的低流速（SL，0.8 个体体长（BL）/s）、稳定的高流速（SH，2.3 BL/s）、波动的低流速（OL，0.2/0.8 BL/s）和波动的高流速（OH，0.8/2.3 BL/s），包括一个水流速度最小（<0.1 BL/s）的非运动组。游泳条件没有引发应激反应或无氧代谢，这从各组血浆中皮质醇、乳酸和葡萄糖水平相似可以看出。血浆和皮肤黏液中的血液血红蛋白和先天免疫参数也没有变化。然而，在 OL 条件下游泳的鱼的血液红细胞压积降低。有趣的是，基因表达分析显示，OL 条件导致鳃中促炎介质（nfκb1 和 mapk3）和细胞因子（tnfα、il1β 和 il6）的上调。在心脏中也发生了类似的反应，OL 条件下 nfκb1、tnfα、il6 和 cox2 的表达上调。在头肾中，这些细胞因子的基因表达没有改变。OL 条件下金头鲷鳃和心脏的炎症反应强调了建立合适的养殖条件以提高养殖鱼类福利的重要性。
