Air Pollution and Health Effect Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
Energy Technology Program, Department of Specialized Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Aug;30(38):89180-89196. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-28419-7. Epub 2023 Jul 14.
Atmospheric particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micron (PM) was evaluated at four sites in the lower southern part of Thailand during 2019-2020 to understand the impact of PM transport from peatland fires in Indonesia on air quality during the southwest monsoon season. Mass concentration and chemical bound-PM, including carbon composition, e.g., organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and inorganic elements, were analyzed. The PM emission sources were identified by principal components analysis (PCA). The average mass concentrations of PM in the normal period, which represents clean background air, from four sites was 3.5-5.1 µg/m, whereas during the haze period, it rose to 5.4-13.5 µg/m. During the haze period, both OC and EC were 3.5 times as high as in the normal period. The average total PAHs and BaP-TEQ of PM during the haze period were ~ 1.3-1.7 and ~ 1.2-1.9 times higher than those in the normal period. The K concentrations significantly increased during haze periods. SO dominated throughout the year. The effects of external sources, especially the transboundary haze from peatland fires, were significantly enhanced, because the background air in the study locations was generally clean. PCA indicated that vehicle emission, local biomass burning, and secondary particles played a key role during normal period, whereas open biomass burning dominated during the haze phenomena. This was consistent with the OC/EC and PAH diagnostic ratios. Backward trajectories confirmed that the sources of PM during the haze period were predominantly peatland fires in Sumatra, Indonesia, due to southwest wind.
在 2019 年至 2020 年期间，在泰国南部低地的四个地点评估了小于 2.5 微米的大气颗粒物 (PM)，以了解印度尼西亚泥炭地火灾产生的 PM 传输对西南季风季节空气质量的影响。对质量浓度和化学结合态 PM（包括碳组成，例如有机碳 (OC) 和元素碳 (EC)、多环芳烃 (PAHs) 和无机元素）进行了分析。通过主成分分析 (PCA) 确定了 PM 排放源。四个地点的正常时期（代表清洁背景空气）的 PM 平均质量浓度为 3.5-5.1μg/m，而在霾期则上升到 5.4-13.5μg/m。在霾期，OC 和 EC 分别是正常时期的 3.5 倍。霾期 PM 中总 PAHs 和 BaP-TEQ 的平均值分别比正常时期高 1.3-1.7 倍和 1.2-1.9 倍。K 浓度在霾期显著增加。全年以 SO 为主。由于研究地点的背景空气通常较为清洁，外部源，特别是来自泥炭地火灾的跨境霾的影响明显增强。PCA 表明，在正常时期，车辆排放、当地生物质燃烧和二次颗粒起着关键作用，而在霾现象期间，开放式生物质燃烧占主导地位。这与 OC/EC 和 PAH 诊断比一致。后向轨迹证实，由于西南风，霾期 PM 的来源主要是印度尼西亚苏门答腊的泥炭地火灾。
