Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jun 21;24(13):10425. doi: 10.3390/ijms241310425.
As an organ system, skeletal muscle is essential for the generation of energy that underpins muscle contraction, plays a critical role in controlling energy balance and insulin-dependent glucose homeostasis, as well as vascular well-being, and regenerates following injury. To achieve homeostasis, there is requirement for "cross-talk" between the myogenic and vascular components and their regulatory factors that comprise skeletal muscle. Accordingly, this review will describe the following: [a] the embryonic cell-signaling events important in establishing vascular and myogenic cell-lineage, the cross-talk between endothelial cells (EC) and myogenic precursors underpinning the development of muscle, its vasculature and the satellite-stem-cell (SC) pool, and the EC-SC cross-talk that maintains SC quiescence and localizes ECs to SCs and angio-myogenesis postnatally; [b] the vascular-myocyte cross-talk and the actions of insulin on vasodilation and capillary surface area important for the uptake of glucose/insulin by myofibers and vascular homeostasis, the microvascular-myocyte dysfunction that characterizes the development of insulin resistance, diabetes and hypertension, and the actions of estrogen on muscle vasodilation and growth in adults; [c] the role of estrogen in utero on the development of fetal skeletal-muscle microvascularization and myofiber hypertrophy required for metabolic/vascular homeostasis after birth; [d] the EC-SC interactions that underpin myofiber vascular regeneration post-injury; and [e] the role of the skeletal-muscle vasculature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
作为一个器官系统，骨骼肌对于产生能量至关重要，这些能量为肌肉收缩提供动力，在控制能量平衡和胰岛素依赖型葡萄糖稳态方面起着关键作用，也有助于血管健康，并在受伤后进行再生。为了实现体内平衡，需要肌源性和血管性成分及其调节因子之间进行“交流”，这些成分构成了骨骼肌。因此，本综述将描述以下内容：[a] 胚胎细胞信号事件对于建立血管和肌源性细胞谱系的重要性，内皮细胞（EC）和肌源性前体细胞之间的交流对于肌肉、其血管系统和卫星干细胞（SC）池的发育，以及 EC-SC 交流对于维持 SC 静止和将 EC 定位到 SC 并在出生后进行血管生成和肌生成的重要性；[b] 血管肌细胞之间的交流以及胰岛素对血管扩张和毛细血管表面积的作用，这对于肌纤维摄取葡萄糖/胰岛素很重要，也与血管稳态有关，还描述了微血管肌细胞功能障碍的特征，即胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病和高血压的发展，以及雌激素对成年人肌肉血管扩张和生长的作用；[c] 雌激素在子宫内对胎儿骨骼肌微血管生成和肌纤维肥大的发育的作用，这对于出生后代谢/血管稳态是必需的；[d] 内皮细胞-干细胞相互作用在损伤后支撑肌纤维血管再生；[e] 骨骼肌血管在杜氏肌营养不良症中的作用。
