Ayala-Angulo Mariana, González Edgar J, Ureta Carolina, Chávez-Servia José Luis, González-Ortega Emmanuel, Vandame Remy, de Ávila-Bloomberg Alejandro, Martínez-Guerra Geovanni, González-Díaz Said, Ruíz-González Rosey Obet, Diego-Flores Prisciliano, Álvarez-Buylla Elena R, Piñeyro-Nelson Alma
Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco (UAM-X), Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico.
Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco (UAM-X), Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico.
Plants (Basel). 2023 Jun 30;12(13):2514. doi: 10.3390/plants12132514.
Mexico harbors over 50% of maize's genetic diversity in the Americas. Native maize varieties are actively managed by small-scale producers within a diverse array of cultivation systems. Seed lot use, exchange and admixture has consequences for the in situ conservation of such varieties. Here we analyze native maize seed management dynamics from 906 small-scale producers surveyed in three Mexican states: Mexico City, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Furthermore, we analyze how their management practices can relate to transgene presence, which was experimentally documented for maize samples associated with the applied surveys. Through a data mining approach, we investigated which practices might be related with a higher probability of transgene presence. The variables found to have a strong spatial association with transgene presence were: for Mexico City, maize producers with larger parcels; for Oaxaca, producer's age (43-46 years) and the sale of seed; for Chiapas, the use of agricultural machinery and younger producers (37-43 years). Additionally, transgene presence and frequency within the socioeconomic regions of Oaxaca and Chiapas was analyzed. In Oaxaca, higher transgene frequencies occurred in regions where transgene presence had been previously reported. In Chiapas, the border regions with Guatemala as well as a region where reproduction of improved seed takes place, the highest proportion of positive samples were found. A detailed mapping of regional seed markets and seed exchange sites together with deployment of national and local biosecurity measures, could help prevent the further spread of transgenes into native maize varieties, as well as improve conservation efforts.
墨西哥拥有美洲地区超过50%的玉米遗传多样性。本地玉米品种由小规模生产者在多种种植系统中积极管理。种子批次的使用、交换和混合对这些品种的原地保护产生影响。在此，我们分析了来自墨西哥三个州（墨西哥城、瓦哈卡州和恰帕斯州）906位小规模生产者的本地玉米种子管理动态。此外，我们分析了他们的管理实践与转基因存在情况之间的关系，这在与所进行调查相关的玉米样本中已通过实验记录。通过数据挖掘方法，我们调查了哪些实践可能与转基因存在的较高概率相关。发现与转基因存在有强烈空间关联的变量如下：对于墨西哥城，是拥有较大地块的玉米生产者；对于瓦哈卡州，是生产者年龄（43 - 46岁）和种子销售；对于恰帕斯州，是农业机械的使用和较年轻的生产者（37 - 43岁）。此外，还分析了瓦哈卡州和恰帕斯州社会经济区域内转基因的存在情况和频率。在瓦哈卡州，转基因频率较高出现在之前已报告有转基因存在的区域。在恰帕斯州，与危地马拉接壤的边境地区以及一个进行改良种子繁殖的区域，发现阳性样本的比例最高。详细绘制区域种子市场和种子交换地点的地图，并部署国家和地方生物安全措施，有助于防止转基因进一步传播到本地玉米品种中，同时也能改进保护工作。
