Faculty of Business and IT, Ontario Tech University, 2000 Simcoe St N., Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada.
Sensors (Basel). 2023 Jul 4;23(13):6133. doi: 10.3390/s23136133.
Network lifetime and localization are critical design factors for a number of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. These networks may be randomly deployed and left unattended for prolonged periods of time. This means that node localization is performed after network deployment, and there is a need to develop mechanisms to extend the network lifetime since sensor nodes are usually constrained battery-powered devices, and replacing them can be costly or sometimes impossible, e.g., in hostile environments. To this end, this work proposes the energy-aware connected k-neighborhood (ECKN): a joint position estimation, packet routing, and sleep scheduling mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of such integrated solutions to WSNs. The proposed localization algorithm performs trilateration using the positions of a mobile sink and already-localized neighbor nodes in order to estimate the positions of sensor nodes. A routing protocol is also introduced, and it is based on the well-known greedy geographic forwarding (GGF). Similarly to GGF, the proposed protocol takes into consideration the positions of neighbors to decide the best forwarding node. However, it also considers node residual energy in order to guarantee the forwarding node will deliver the packet. A sleep scheduler is also introduced in order to extend the network lifetime. It is based on the connected k-neighborhood (CKN), which aids in the decision of which nodes switch to sleep mode while keeping the network connected. An extensive set of performance evaluation experiments was conducted and results show that ECKN not only extends the network lifetime and localizes nodes, but it does so while sustaining the acceptable packet delivery ratio and reducing network overhead.
网络寿命和定位是许多无线传感器网络 (WSN) 应用的关键设计因素。这些网络可能是随机部署的，并且在很长一段时间内无人值守。这意味着节点定位是在网络部署后进行的，需要开发延长网络寿命的机制，因为传感器节点通常是电池供电的受限设备，而且更换它们可能很昂贵，或者在某些情况下是不可能的，例如在恶劣的环境中。为此，这项工作提出了节能感知连通 k-邻域 (ECKN)：一种联合位置估计、数据包路由和睡眠调度机制。据我们所知，目前缺乏针对 WSN 的这种集成解决方案。所提出的定位算法使用移动接收器和已经定位的邻居节点的位置执行三边测量法，以估计传感器节点的位置。还引入了一种路由协议，它基于著名的贪婪地理转发 (GGF)。与 GGF 类似，所提出的协议考虑了邻居的位置来决定最佳转发节点。但是，它还考虑了节点剩余能量，以确保转发节点将传递数据包。还引入了一个睡眠调度程序以延长网络寿命。它基于连通 k-邻域 (CKN)，这有助于在保持网络连接的同时决定哪些节点切换到睡眠模式。进行了广泛的性能评估实验，结果表明 ECKN 不仅延长了网络寿命和定位节点，而且在维持可接受的数据包投递率和减少网络开销的同时实现了这一点。
