Sakina Zaidi Syeda, Haider Zaidi Syed Sajjad, Khan Bilal Muhammad, Moin Lubna
National University of Sciences and Technology, PNEC Campus, Karachi, 75350, Pakistan.
Heliyon. 2023 Jul 5;9(7):e17990. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17990. eCollection 2023 Jul.
Conventional energy sources (CESs) are currently serving most of the global energy demands, but they will be substantially depleted as moving towards the end of this decade. The generation of electricity from such sources is causing the emission of greenhouse gases that is resulting in deleterious effect on the environment along with changing climatic and energy patterns of the planet. Therefore, the world is heading toward decentralization, and microgrids are playing a key role in this process. The advantages of renewables, which are acknowledged globally as benign, eco-friendly, economical, and inexhaustible resources available worldwide, are to credit for such a massive surge in the utilization of renewable resources in microgrid technology. Despite having an enormous renewable energy potential, Pakistan spends a sizable portion of its budget on energy imports of coal, oil, and liquefied natural gas, however, with good planning, current energy crises might be eliminated or at least mitigated to a greater extent, assuring energy security, economic prosperity, and lower carbon emissions inside the country. This study considers the optimal component planning in a grid-connected microgrid with five objectives to achieve that are to reduce the cost of energy, increase the renewable share, cut greenhouse gas emissions, enhance the reliability of power supply and to make electricity generation sustainable in the long run for the country. Different solar PV capacities are tested against the energy cost, renewable share and emission of greenhouse gases in order to attain the trade-off. The cost of energy is minimized by 92.47%, renewable share rises to 85%, and CO emissions are decreased by 48% for residential application. In the case of commercial application, however, the cost of energy is lowered by 48.52%, the renewable energy share rises to 71.1%, and CO emissions are reduced by 61% through incorporating solar PV into the current power system.
传统能源目前满足了全球大部分能源需求，但到本世纪末，这些能源将大幅枯竭。利用此类能源发电正在导致温室气体排放，这对环境产生了有害影响，同时也改变了地球的气候和能源格局。因此，世界正朝着分散化发展，微电网在这一过程中发挥着关键作用。可再生能源具有全球公认的良性、环保、经济和取之不尽的资源等优势，这使得微电网技术中可再生资源的利用率大幅飙升。尽管巴基斯坦拥有巨大的可再生能源潜力，但其仍将相当一部分预算用于煤炭、石油和液化天然气的能源进口。然而，通过合理规划，当前的能源危机可能会消除，或者至少在很大程度上得到缓解，从而确保该国的能源安全、经济繁荣并降低碳排放。本研究考虑了一个并网微电网中的最优组件规划，目标有五个，即降低能源成本、提高可再生能源占比、减少温室气体排放、提高供电可靠性以及从长远来看使该国的发电可持续。针对不同的太阳能光伏容量，对能源成本、可再生能源占比和温室气体排放进行了测试，以实现权衡。对于住宅应用，能源成本降低了92.47%，可再生能源占比提高到85%，二氧化碳排放量减少了48%。然而，在商业应用中，通过将太阳能光伏纳入当前电力系统，能源成本降低了48.52%，可再生能源占比提高到71.1%，二氧化碳排放量减少了61%。
