Redlining and Lead Poisoning: Causes and Consequences.

In 1934, the Federal Housing Authority precluded mortgage loans to residents of neighborhoods with non-White families or where housing was deteriorated; these were declared "hazardous" and labeled red on maps. In 1962 three redlined north Brooklyn neighborhoods had 41 children, all Black and Puerto Rican, with lead levels >60ug/dL. A review of public polices in the U.S. from 1898 to the present revealed that lead poisoning followed an income gradient with multiple disproportionate effects on non-White children in redlined neighborhoods. The poisonings diminished when federal and local regulations prevented lead exposure. While redlining had profound influences on both likelihood and severity of lead poisoning and its consequences, it was a mediator of effects. The principal causes were federal policies failing to prevent environmental contamination and local governments failing to prevent exposure.