Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, Otago 9016, New Zealand.
Riddet Institute, Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Food Funct. 2023 Jul 31;14(15):7240-7246. doi: 10.1039/d3fo02165c.
: Recent observational data indicate higher ultra-processed food intakes are associated with a broad range of adverse health outcomes. Experimental studies on why this might be are lacking. We have considered the effects of wholegrain processing on measures of appetite in free-living adults with type 2 diabetes. : Participants were randomised to two interventions of two-weeks duration, separated by washout. Interventions were nutrient-matched wholegrain foods that differed by the amount of processing. Self-reported hunger and satiety were indicated on visual analogue scales before or after meals for four days at baseline and the end of each intervention. Metabolite markers of appetite were measured pre and post intervention in fasting plasma. : 31 adults (63 ± 13 years old, BMI 32.4 ± 7, HbA1c 7.5 ± 3.4% (59 ± 14 mmol mol)) commenced the trial, 28 (90%) completed both interventions. Wholegrain consumption, as measured by alkylresorcinols, was balanced between interventions. Self-reported pre-meal hunger was consistently lower at breakfast (MD, mean difference 0.49/10 95% CI 0.03 to 0.94), lunch (MD 0.67/10 95% CI 0.09 to 1.25), and dinner (MD -0.71/10 95% CI 0.19 to 1.23) during the intervention of less processed whole grains when compared with pre-intervention measures, however this did not result in a difference between interventions. Change in metabolite markers of appetite did not differ between interventions. : A significant difference in hunger or satiety between less and more processed whole grains over intervention periods of two weeks was not detected within the current trial. Further experimental studies are needed to consider the potential effects of food processing on physiological processes such as appetite to provide mechanistic understanding behind observations of highly processed food intakes and adverse health outcomes.
: 最近的观察性数据表明，超高加工食品的摄入量与广泛的健康不良后果有关。关于这一点的实验研究还很缺乏。我们考虑了全谷物加工对 2 型糖尿病患者自由生活成年人食欲测量的影响。 : 参与者被随机分配到两个为期两周的干预组，中间有洗脱期。干预措施是营养匹配的全谷物食品，其加工量不同。在基线和每个干预结束时，在饭前或饭后四天内使用视觉模拟量表报告饥饿感和饱腹感。在干预前后禁食血浆中测量食欲的代谢物标志物。 : 31 名成年人（63 ± 13 岁，BMI 32.4 ± 7，HbA1c 7.5 ± 3.4%（59 ± 14 mmol/mol））开始了试验，28 名（90%）完成了两项干预。烷基resorcinols 测量的全谷物摄入量在干预之间平衡。与干预前相比，自我报告的餐前饥饿感在早餐时（MD，平均差异 0.49/10 95%CI 0.03 至 0.94）、午餐时（MD 0.67/10 95%CI 0.09 至 1.25）和晚餐时（MD -0.71/10 95%CI 0.19 至 1.23）时一直较低，但这并没有导致干预之间的差异。食欲代谢物标志物的变化在干预之间没有差异。 : 在当前试验中，在两周的干预期间，较少和较多加工的全谷物之间的饥饿感或饱腹感没有显著差异。需要进一步的实验研究来考虑食物加工对食欲等生理过程的潜在影响，以提供对超高加工食品摄入量和不良健康后果观察结果背后的机制理解。
