Balancing potato yield, soil nutrient supply, and nitrous oxide emissions: An analysis of nitrogen application trade-offs.

Potato has been promoted as a national key staple food to alleviate pressure on food security in China. Appropriate nitrogen (N) application rate is prerequisite and is crucial for increasing yield, improving fertilizer efficiency, and reducing N losses. In the present study, we determined the optimum N application rates by analyzing field trial data from the main potato producing areas of China between 2004 and 2020. We considered the equilibrium relationships between potato yield, N uptake, partial N balance (PNB), and NO emission under different soil indigenous N supply (INS) scenarios. The results showed that N rate, INS, and their interactions all significantly affect potato yield and nutrient uptake increment. On average, N application increased potato yield and N uptake by 29.5 % and 56.7 %, respectively. The relationship between N rate and yield increment was linear-plateau, while the relationship between N rate and N uptake increment was linear-linear. Soil INS accounted for 63.5 % of total potato N requirement. Potato yield increment and nutrient uptake increment were exponentially negatively correlated with INS and had a significant parabolic-nonlinear relationship with the interaction of N fertilizer application rate and INS. PNB was negatively correlated with fertilizer N supply intensity as a power function. Based on our analysis, a N application rate of 166 kg N ha was found to be sufficient when the target yield was <34 t ha. However, when the target yield reached 40, 50 and 60 t ha, the recommended N application rate increased to 182, 211, and 254 kg N ha, respectively, while ensuring NO emissions low with an emission factor of 0.2 %. Our findings will help guide potato farming toward cleaner production without compromising environmental benefit.