Silkova O G, Ivanova Y N, Stepochkin P I
Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii. 2023 Jul;27(4):323-332. doi: 10.18699/VJGB-23-39.
Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) is of great interest as an insurance crop that can ensure the stability of the gross harvest of feed and food grains at a lower cost. In Western Siberia, only winter triticale varieties are cultivated, however, spring triticales are important for cultivation in regions not suitable for winter crops. To create spring varieties with high yields and good grain quality, it is necessary to study and enrich the gene pool, identify donors of economically valuable traits. One of the possible ways to solve this problem can be through the production of secondary hexaploid triticales with the involvement of the tetraploid wild-growing species of emmer wheat Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. The aim of this work was to create and study hybrids of emmer T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. with hexaploid triticale using genomic in situ hybridization for staining of meiotic chromosomes and analysis of plant productivity elements in F4-F8. DT4, DT5, DT6 plants and the prebreeding F6 forms obtained from them - DT 4/168, DT 5/176 and DT 6/186 - were selected according to the characteristics of the productivity and the nature of the grain in the F4 hybrid population. The offspring of hybrids DT4 and DT5 and prebreeding forms DT 4/168 and DT 5/176 had an increased grain nature (over 750 g/l), but low productivity. The hybrid DT6 and the breeding form DT 6/186 obtained from it had high grain productivity (785 ± 41 and 822 ± 74 g/m2, respectively), but, like the paternal form of triticale UK 30/33, had a reduced nature of the grain. In F8 DT 6/186 plants, 7 homologous pairs of rye chromosomes and from 27 to 30 wheat chromosomes were found in meiosis, which indicates the presence of a complete rye genome and two wheat ААВВ genomes. Rye chromosomes showed stable formation of bivalents in contrast to wheat chromosomes, which caused the presence of aneuploids in plant populations. Thus, hexaploid forms DT 4/168 and DT 5/176 with well-made smooth grain and high grain size were obtained, which can be used as a source of this trait for selection of food-grade triticale. DT 6/186 is a promising form for further breeding in order to obtain high-yielding forms of triticale.
小黑麦（× Triticosecale Wittmack）作为一种保险作物备受关注，它能够以较低成本确保饲料和粮食谷物总收成的稳定。在西西伯利亚，仅种植冬性小黑麦品种，然而，春性小黑麦对于不适宜冬作物种植的地区而言具有重要的种植意义。为培育出高产且谷粒品质优良的春性品种，有必要研究并丰富基因库，鉴定具有经济价值性状的供体。解决此问题的一种可能途径是通过利用四倍体野生二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl.）参与培育次生六倍体小黑麦。这项工作的目的是创建并研究二粒小麦（T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl.）与六倍体小黑麦的杂种，采用基因组原位杂交技术对减数分裂染色体进行染色，并分析F4 - F8代植株的生产力要素。根据F4杂种群体的生产力特征和谷粒特性，选择了DT4、DT5、DT6植株以及由它们获得的预育种F6代植株——DT 4/168、DT 5/176和DT 6/186。杂种DT4和DT5以及预育种植株DT 4/168和DT 5/176的后代谷粒特性有所提高（超过750克/升），但生产力较低。杂种DT6及其获得的育种植株DT 6/186具有较高的谷粒生产力（分别为785 ± 41和822 ± 74克/平方米），不过，与父本小黑麦品种UK 30/33一样，谷粒特性有所降低。在F8代DT 6/186植株的减数分裂过程中，发现了7对黑麦染色体和27至30条小麦染色体，这表明存在完整的黑麦基因组和两个小麦AABB基因组。与小麦染色体相比，黑麦染色体显示出二价体的稳定形成，这导致植株群体中出现非整倍体。因此，获得了具有制作精良的光滑谷粒且谷粒尺寸较大的六倍体植株DT 4/168和DT 5/176，它们可作为选育食品级小黑麦该性状的来源。DT 6/186是进一步育种以获得高产小黑麦品种的有前景的植株。
