Orthotics and prosthetics by 3D-printing: Accelerating its fabrication flow.

Orthoses and socket prostheses are rarely used orthopaedic devices in veterinary medicine. Recently, more pet owners have sought these treatments for pets with orthopaedic conditions. However, veterinarians often lack substantial scientific evidence on device outcomes and may expect high costs, the main limiting factor, if human orthopaedic market prices are assumed. This discrepancy creates an imbalance between pet owners' expectations, veterinarians' recommendations, and actual patient benefits. To address economic constraints and enhance knowledge about these devices, this study used 3D technology-namely 3D scanning and printing via fused deposition modelling-to design, modify, and manufacture orthoses and socket prostheses for ten patients, including nine dogs and one calf. An equation was devised and applied to all printed devices to streamline the resizing process for sockets and orthoses. The 3D-printed devices were fitted to the patients, and their adaptation was assessed using three novel scales based on prior scientific literature in the small animal orthopaedic field. The orthoses were well-tolerated, with successful and straightforward adaptation. Although socket prostheses were tolerated, the dogs' adaptation was suboptimal, while the calf demonstrated excellent and immediate adaptation.