Whitehead Heather D, Hayes Kathleen L, Swartz James A, Lieberman Marya
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States.
Jane Addams College of Social Work, University of Illinois Chicago. 1040 W. Harrison Street MC (309) Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
Forensic Chem. 2023 Sep;35. doi: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100512. Epub 2023 Jun 16.
An LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 53 benzodiazepines, including various designer benzodiazepines, was developed. The developed method was applied to a total of 79 illicit street drug samples collected in Chicago, IL. Of these samples, 68 (84%) had detectable amounts of at least one benzodiazepine. Further, of the 53 benzodiazepines included in the developed method just 14 were measured in samples. Clonazolam, a potent designer benzodiazepine and derivative of clonazepam, was the most frequently measured benzodiazepine in 63% of samples and was measured in the highest concentrations. Other benzodiazepines measured in more than 10% of samples included clonazepam, alprazolam, flualprazolam, and oxazepam. Mixtures of benzodiazepines were frequently measured in samples, with just 24% of samples containing just one benzodiazepine. To determine the response of benzodiazepines on a rapid, point-of-use drug checking tool, all 53 benzodiazepine standards were screened on a lateral flow immunoassay benzodiazepine test strip. Sixty eight percent of standards gave a positive BTS response at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, demonstrating BTS have response to a wide variety of benzodiazepines, including many designer benzodiazepines. A comparison of this data to previous data reported for the same samples demonstrated all samples containing a benzodiazepine also had an opioid present, with fentanyl being present in 94% of benzodiazepine samples. These results highlight high rates of polysubstance drug presence in Chicago, IL illicit drug samples, posing an increased risk of drug overdoses in people who use drugs.
开发了一种用于分析53种苯二氮䓬类药物（包括各种新型苯二氮䓬类药物）的液相色谱-串联质谱法。所开发的方法应用于伊利诺伊州芝加哥市收集的总共79份非法街头毒品样本。在这些样本中，68份（84%）含有可检测量的至少一种苯二氮䓬类药物。此外，在所开发方法涵盖的53种苯二氮䓬类药物中，样本中仅检测到14种。氯硝西泮类似物（一种强效新型苯二氮䓬类药物，是氯硝西泮的衍生物）是63%的样本中最常检测到的苯二氮䓬类药物，且检测浓度最高。在超过10%的样本中检测到的其他苯二氮䓬类药物包括氯硝西泮、阿普唑仑、氟硝西泮和奥沙西泮。样本中经常检测到苯二氮䓬类药物的混合物，仅有24%的样本只含有一种苯二氮䓬类药物。为了确定苯二氮䓬类药物在快速即时毒品检测工具上的反应，所有53种苯二氮䓬类药物标准品都在一种侧向流动免疫分析苯二氮䓬类药物检测条上进行了筛查。68%的标准品在浓度为20μg/mL时给出了阳性检测条反应，表明检测条对多种苯二氮䓬类药物（包括许多新型苯二氮䓬类药物）都有反应。将该数据与之前针对相同样本报告的数据进行比较表明，所有含有苯二氮䓬类药物的样本中也都含有阿片类药物，94%的苯二氮䓬类药物样本中存在芬太尼。这些结果凸显了伊利诺伊州芝加哥市非法毒品样本中多物质毒品共存的高比例，增加了吸毒者药物过量的风险。
