Reminiscence bump invariance with respect to genre, age, and country.

We report a cross-cultural study investigating musical reminiscence bumps, the phenomenon whereby adults remain emotionally invested in the music they preferentially listened to in adolescence. Using a crowdsourcing service, 4,824 participants from 102 countries were each required to recall five songs (titles and artist names), resulting in a 24,120-song study. In addition, participants provided demographic information and answered questions relating to the songs they recalled, such as age first listened to, levels of nostalgia, and associated emotions. Song titles and artist names were cleaned and genre information established through fuzzy matching recalled information to songs within an open-source music encyclopedia. These data, plus participants' demographic information, allowed reminiscence bumps differentiated by age, sex, country, and genre preference to be explored. Recency-bias effects of recalled songs were also investigated. Results demonstrated that the musical reminiscence bump phenomenon is common to all age groups and both sexes, pervasive across all countries, and is not restricted to particular genres. In sum, musical reminiscence bumps appear to be biologically and culturally ubiquitous.