Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mini Rev Med Chem. 2024;24(3):355-369. doi: 10.2174/1389557523666230725113446.
Metabolic syndrome (METS) is a set of unhealthy medical conditions considered essential health problems today. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is the major phytochemical present in the essential oil of cinnamon and possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic activities.
We aim to systematically review the effects of CA in preventing and attenuating METS components. Moreover, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of actions of CA, its pharmacokinetics features, and potential structure-activity relationship (SAR) were also surveyed.
PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched to retrieve the relevant papers.
CA possesses various anti-METS activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antidyslipidemia, antiobesity, and antihypertensive properties. Various molecular mechanisms such as stimulating pancreatic insulin release, exerting an insulinotropic effect, lowering lipid peroxidation as well as pancreatic islet oxidant and inflammatory toxicity, increasing the activities of pancreatic antioxidant enzymes, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines production, regulating the molecular signaling pathways of the PPAR-γ and AMPK in preadipocytes and preventing adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis are involved in these activities.
CA would effectively hinder METS; however, no robust clinical data supporting these effects in humans is currently available. Accordingly, conducting clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy, safe dosage, pharmacokinetics characteristics, and possible unwanted effects of CA in humans would be of great importance.
代谢综合征（METS）是一组被认为是当今基本健康问题的不健康医学状况。肉桂醛（CA）是肉桂精油中主要的植物化学成分，具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖和抗高血脂的活性。
我们旨在系统地综述 CA 预防和减轻 METS 成分的作用。此外，还调查了 CA 的细胞和分子作用机制、药代动力学特征以及潜在的构效关系（SAR）。
检索了 PubMed、Science Direct、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 以获取相关文献。
CA 具有多种抗-METS 活性，包括抗炎、抗氧化、抗糖尿病、抗血脂异常、抗肥胖和抗高血压特性。各种分子机制涉及其中，如刺激胰腺胰岛素释放、发挥胰岛素增敏作用、降低脂质过氧化以及胰腺胰岛氧化和炎症毒性、增加胰腺抗氧化酶的活性、抑制促炎细胞因子的产生、调节前脂肪细胞中 PPAR-γ 和 AMPK 的分子信号通路以及防止脂肪细胞分化和脂肪生成。
CA 可以有效地阻止 METS 的发生；然而，目前尚无强有力的临床数据支持 CA 在人体中的这些作用。因此，开展临床试验以评估 CA 在人体中的疗效、安全剂量、药代动力学特征以及可能的不良反应将非常重要。
