College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Nov 20;900:165732. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165732. Epub 2023 Jul 24.
Psychotropic drugs (PDs) and their bioactive metabolites often persist in aquatic environments due to their typical physical properties, which made them resistant to removal by traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Consequently, such drugs and/or their metabolites are frequently detected in both aquatic environments and organisms. Even at low concentrations, these drugs can exhibit toxic effects on non-target organisms including bony fish (zebrafish (Danio rerio) and fathead minnows) and bivalves (freshwater mussels and clams). This narrative review focuses on the quintessential representatives of three different categories of PDs-antiepileptics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. The data regarding their concentrations occurring in the environment, patterns of distribution, the degree of enrichment in various tissues of aquatic organisms, and the toxicological effects on them are summarized. The toxicological assessments of these drugs included the evaluation of their effects on the reproductive, embryonic development, oxidative stress-related, neurobehavioral, and genetic functions in various experimental models. However, the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PDs to aquatic organisms and their potential health risks to humans remain unclear. Most studies have focused on the effects caused by acute short-term exposure due to limitations in the experimental conditions, thus making it necessary to investigate the chronic toxic effects at concentrations that are in coherence with those occurring in the environment. Additionally, this review aims to raise awareness and stimulate further research efforts by highlighting the gaps in the understanding of the mechanisms behind PD-induced toxicity and potential health risks. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of developing advanced remediation methods for the removal of PDs in WWTPs and encourages a broader discussion on mitigating their environmental impacts.
精神药物（PDs）及其生物活性代谢物由于其典型的物理特性，经常在水生环境中存在，这使得它们能够抵抗传统废水处理厂（WWTP）的去除。因此，这些药物及其代谢物经常在水生环境和生物体中被检测到。即使在低浓度下，这些药物也会对非目标生物（包括硬骨鱼（斑马鱼（Danio rerio）和胖头鱼）和双壳类动物（淡水贻贝和蛤蜊））产生毒性作用。本综述重点介绍了三类 PDs 的典型代表——抗癫痫药、抗抑郁药和抗精神病药。总结了它们在环境中出现的浓度、分布模式、在水生生物各种组织中的富集程度以及对它们的毒理学影响的数据。这些药物的毒理学评估包括评估它们对各种实验模型中的生殖、胚胎发育、氧化应激相关、神经行为和遗传功能的影响。然而，PDs 对水生生物的毒性机制及其对人类的潜在健康风险仍不清楚。由于实验条件的限制，大多数研究都集中在急性短期暴露引起的影响上，因此有必要在与环境中发生的浓度一致的情况下研究慢性毒性影响。此外，本综述旨在通过强调 PD 诱导毒性和潜在健康风险的机制理解方面的差距，提高认识并激发进一步的研究努力。最终，该研究强调了在 WWTP 中开发去除 PDs 的先进修复方法的重要性，并鼓励更广泛地讨论减轻其环境影响的措施。
