Villar-Álvarez Felipe, de la Rosa-Carrillo David, Fariñas-Guerrero Fernando, Jiménez-Ruiz Carlos A
Pneumology Department, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, CIBERES, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Pneumology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
Open Respir Arch. 2022 May 16;4(3):100181. doi: 10.1016/j.opresp.2022.100181. eCollection 2022 Jul-Sep.
Immunosenescence is the gradual deterioration of the immune system caused by advancing age. It is associated with a reduced ability to respond to infections and develop long-term immune memory. It plays a key role in the development of respiratory diseases that are more common in older people, such as asthma, COPD, diffuse interstitial disease and respiratory infections in the elderly. We call immune fitness the establishment of lifestyle habits that can improve our immune capacity. We now know that good eating habits, good social relationships, not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, exercising, controlling stress levels and establishing a proper vaccination programme can slow down the process of immunosenescence. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines (PCV13 and PPSV23 conjugate) are well established in the adult vaccination schedule. The new pneumococcal vaccines PCV15 and PCV20 will help to extend protection against pneumococcal disease in adults. The vaccine against COVID-19 is currently the most useful tool to prevent the disease and reduce its pathogenicity. COPD patients and others with respiratory diseases may benefit from prevention of herpes zoster and through vaccination. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine may be another vaccine to be added to the schedule, pending the results of its studies.
免疫衰老指的是免疫系统因年龄增长而逐渐衰退的现象。它与应对感染及形成长期免疫记忆的能力下降有关。在老年人中更常见的呼吸道疾病，如哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）、弥漫性间质性疾病以及老年人的呼吸道感染等的发病过程中，免疫衰老起着关键作用。我们将能够提升免疫能力的生活方式习惯的养成称为免疫健康。我们现在知道，良好的饮食习惯、良好的社会关系、不吸烟、限制饮酒、锻炼、控制压力水平以及制定适当的疫苗接种计划，可以减缓免疫衰老的进程。流感疫苗和肺炎球菌疫苗（13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗和23价肺炎球菌多糖疫苗）在成人疫苗接种计划中已得到广泛应用。新型肺炎球菌疫苗15价肺炎球菌结合疫苗和20价肺炎球菌结合疫苗将有助于扩大对成人肺炎球菌疾病的防护范围。目前，新冠疫苗是预防该疾病并降低其致病性的最有效工具。慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者及其他呼吸道疾病患者可能会通过接种疫苗预防带状疱疹而受益。呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）疫苗在研究结果出来之前，可能会成为疫苗接种计划中新增的另一种疫苗。
