Guo Zhenyu, Xu Zhen, Xie Fei, Jiang Jinglin, Zheng Kaitian, Alabidun Sarat, Crespo-Ribadeneyra Maria, Hu Yong-Sheng, Au Heather, Titirici Maria-Magdalena
Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
Adv Mater. 2023 Oct;35(42):e2304091. doi: 10.1002/adma.202304091. Epub 2023 Sep 13.
Emerging sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) show promise in complementing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology and diversifying the battery market. Hard carbon is a potential anode candidate for LIBs, NIBs, and KIBs due to its high capacity, sustainability, wide availability, and stable physicochemical properties. Herein, a series of hard carbons is synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis at different temperatures to finely tune their structural properties. When tested as anodes, the hard carbons exhibit differing ion-storage trends for Li, Na, and K, with NIBs achieving the highest reversible capacity. Extensive materials and electrochemical characterizations are carried out to study the correlation of structural features with electrochemical performance and to explain the specific mechanisms of alkali-ion storage in hard carbons. In addition, the best-performing hard carbon is tested against a sodium cathode Na V (PO ) in a Na-ion pouch cell, displaying a high power density of 2172 W kg at an energy density of 181.5 Wh kg (based on the total weight of active materials in both anode and cathode). The Na-ion pouch cell also shows stable ultralong-term cycling (9000 h or 5142 cycles) and demonstrates the promising potential of such materials as sustainable, scalable anodes for beyond Li-batteries.
新兴的钠离子电池（NIBs）和钾离子电池（KIBs）在补充锂离子电池（LIB）技术和使电池市场多样化方面展现出潜力。硬碳因其高容量、可持续性、广泛可用性和稳定的物理化学性质，是LIBs、NIBs和KIBs潜在的负极候选材料。在此，通过水热碳化和随后在不同温度下的热解合成了一系列硬碳，以精细调节其结构性质。当作为负极进行测试时，硬碳对Li、Na和K表现出不同的离子存储趋势，其中NIBs实现了最高的可逆容量。进行了广泛的材料和电化学表征，以研究结构特征与电化学性能之间的相关性，并解释硬碳中碱金属离子存储的具体机制。此外，在钠离子软包电池中，将性能最佳的硬碳与钠正极NaV(PO)进行测试，在能量密度为181.5 Wh kg（基于正负极活性材料的总重量）时，显示出2172 W kg的高功率密度。该钠离子软包电池还表现出稳定的超长循环（9000 h或5142次循环），并证明了此类材料作为超越锂电池的可持续、可扩展负极的潜在前景。
