Xiao Yueyue, Nie Aiqing
Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
Department of Psychology, College of Educational Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
J Intell. 2023 Jul 1;11(7):130. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence11070130.
Previous studies have confirmed that different degrees of expectation, including the bipolarity of the expected and unexpected, as well as an intermediate level (no expectation), can affect memory. However, only a few investigations have manipulated expectation through experimentally established schema, with no consideration of how expectation impacts both item and source memory. Furthermore, stimulus emotionality may also impact memory. Therefore, we conducted a study to investigate the effects of three levels of expectation on item and source memory while considering the impact of stimulus emotionality. The experiment began with a phase dedicated to learning the rules. In the subsequent study phase, negative and neutral words were manipulated as expected, no expectation, and unexpected, based on these rules. This was followed by tasks focused on item and source memory. The study found that there was a "U-shape" relationship between expectation and item memory. Additionally, the study revealed the distinct impacts of expectation on item and source memory. When it came to item memory, both expected and unexpected words were better remembered than those with no expectations. In source memory, expected words showed memory inferiority for expectation-irrelevant source information, but an advantage for expectation-relevant source information. Stimulus emotionality modulated the effect of expectation on both item and source memory. Our findings provide behavioral evidence for the schema-linked interactions between medial prefrontal and medial temporal regions (SLIMM) theory, which proposes that congruent and incongruent events enhance memory through different brain regions. The different patterns between item and source memory also support dual-process models. Moreover, we speculate that processing events with varying levels of emotionality may undermine the impact of expectation, as implied by other neural investigations.
先前的研究已经证实，不同程度的预期，包括预期和意外的两极情况，以及中间水平（无预期），都会影响记忆。然而，只有少数研究通过实验建立的图式来操纵预期，而没有考虑预期如何影响项目记忆和来源记忆。此外，刺激的情感性也可能影响记忆。因此，我们进行了一项研究，以调查三种预期水平对项目记忆和来源记忆的影响，同时考虑刺激情感性的影响。实验开始时是一个专门用于学习规则的阶段。在随后的研究阶段，根据这些规则，将消极和中性词分别按照预期、无预期和意外进行处理。接下来是专注于项目记忆和来源记忆的任务。研究发现，预期与项目记忆之间存在“U形”关系。此外，该研究揭示了预期对项目记忆和来源记忆的不同影响。在项目记忆方面，预期和意外的词都比无预期的词记忆得更好。在来源记忆方面，预期的词对于与预期无关的来源信息表现出记忆劣势，但对于与预期相关的来源信息则具有优势。刺激情感性调节了预期对项目记忆和来源记忆的影响。我们的研究结果为内侧前额叶和内侧颞叶区域之间的图式关联相互作用（SLIMM）理论提供了行为证据，该理论提出，一致和不一致的事件通过不同的脑区增强记忆。项目记忆和来源记忆之间的不同模式也支持双过程模型。此外，正如其他神经学研究所暗示的那样，我们推测处理具有不同情感水平的事件可能会削弱预期的影响。
