Challenges and Future Perspectives for Additively Manufactured Polylactic Acid Using Fused Filament Fabrication in Dentistry.

Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also called rapid prototyping/3D printing/layered manufacturing, can be considered as a rapid conversion between digital and physical models. One of the most used materials in AM is polylactic acid (PLA), which has advantageous material properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. For many medical applications, it is considered as a leading biomaterial. In dentistry, in addition to its uses in dental models (education, teaching, simulation needs), it can be used for therapeutic objectives and tissue engineering. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique, also called fused deposition modeling (FDM), is widely used as an AM technique to perform complex and functional geometries directly from CAD files. In this review, the objective was to present the different challenges and future perspectives of this additively manufactured material by using FFF in dentistry areas. Some suggestions for future directions to extend to more dental applications (support structures, lattice structures, etc.) and to consider more criteria (sustainability, uncertainty etc.) will be discussed. Advanced studies such as machine learning (ML) techniques will be suggested to reduce the failure cases when using the additively manufactured PLA by FFF in dentistry.