Incorporating non-genetic evidence in large scale missing person searches: A general approach beyond filtering.

The search for missing persons implies several steps, from the preliminary investigation that involves collecting background data related to the case to the genetic kinship testing. Despite its crucial importance in identifications, only some approaches mathematically formalize the possibility of using preliminary investigation data. In some cases, a filtering strategy is applied, which implies selecting a subset of possible victims where some non-genetic variables perfectly match those of the missing. Through a Bayesian approach, we propose a mathematical model for computing the prior odds based on non-genetic variables usually collected during the preliminary investigation, such as biological sex, hair colour, and age. We use computational simulations to show how to incorporate these prior odds in DNA-database searches. Importantly, our results suggest that applying the proposed model leads to better search performance in underpowered cases from the genetic point of view, where few or distant relatives of the missing person are available for genotyping. Furthermore, the results are also helpful when using non-genetic data for prior odds in well-powered cases, where genetic data are enough to reach a reliable conclusion. It performs better than other approaches, such as using non-genetic data for filtering. The software mispitools, freely available on CRAN, implements all described methods (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mispitools).