Department of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Horstmarer Landweg 62b, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
Sci Rep. 2023 Jul 31;13(1):12346. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-39378-x.
While the effect of missing audiences has been studied numerously in team sports with diverse effects, studies on individual performances are rare. The current investigation analyzes performances of professional dart players in (a) the absence of spectators, (b) the presence of real crowds, and (c) artificial crowd noise (simulated crowds) substituting live spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical evidence suggests that performances in coordination-based accuracy tasks are negatively impacted by the presence of others. Therefore, we hypothesize that performance of elite darts players deteriorates in the presence of a real audience (RA) in comparison to no audience (NA) and simulated audience (SA). https://dartsorakel.com provided the data of professional tournaments played from 2018 to 2021, which included N = 26,724 individual performances from k = 442 players (98.8% male). How RA and SA impacted checkout percentage (CP) and three-dart average (3DA) was analyzed using separate multilevel models, adding various control variables. Competing with audiences (SA and RA) resulted in decreased CP with an effect of β = - .20, p < .001, and β = - .14, p < .001. 3DA increased with SA, β = .08, p < .001, and decreased with RA, β = - .07, p < .001. The results show that real crowds appear to have a negative impact on darts performance, yet effect sizes are small.
虽然在各种运动项目中已经研究了观众缺失的影响，但对个人表现的研究却很少。本研究分析了在（a）没有观众、（b）有真实观众和（c）在 COVID-19 大流行期间用人工观众噪音（模拟观众）代替现场观众的情况下，职业飞镖运动员的表现。经验证据表明，在协调准确性任务中的表现会受到他人在场的负面影响。因此，我们假设与没有观众（NA）和模拟观众（SA）相比，精英飞镖运动员在有真实观众（RA）在场的情况下表现会恶化。https://dartsorakel.com 提供了 2018 年至 2021 年职业锦标赛的数据，其中包括 k=442 名运动员的 26724 次个人表现（98.8%为男性）。使用单独的多层模型，添加了各种控制变量，分析了 RA 和 SA 如何影响击球率（CP）和三镖平均（3DA）。与观众（SA 和 RA）竞争会导致 CP 下降，β=−.20，p<.001，β=−.14，p<.001。3DA 随着 SA 而增加，β=.08，p<.001，随着 RA 而减少，β=−.07，p<.001。结果表明，真实观众似乎对飞镖表现有负面影响，但影响大小很小。
