A diverse ancestrally-matched reference panel increases genotype imputation accuracy in a underrepresented population.

Variant imputation, a common practice in genome-wide association studies, relies on reference panels to infer unobserved genotypes. Multiple public reference panels are currently available with variations in size, sequencing depth, and represented populations. Currently, limited data exist regarding the performance of public reference panels when used in an imputation of populations underrepresented in the reference panel. Here, we compare the performance of various public reference panels: 1000 Genomes Project, Haplotype Reference Consortium, GenomeAsia 100 K, and the recent Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program, when used in an imputation of samples from the Thai population. Genotype yields were assessed, and imputation accuracies were examined by comparison with high-depth whole genome sequencing data of the same sample. We found that imputation using the TOPMed panel yielded the largest number of variants (~ 271 million). Despite being the smallest in size, GenomeAsia 100 K achieved the best imputation accuracy with a median genotype concordance rate of 0.97. For rare variants, GenomeAsia 100 K also offered the best accuracy, although rare variants were less accurately imputable than common variants (30.3% reduction in concordance rates). The high accuracy observed when using GenomeAsia 100 K is likely attributable to the diverse representation of populations genetically similar to the study cohort emphasizing the benefits of sequencing populations classically underrepresented in human genomics.